CHAPTER XII 



ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 



James Hillier, RCA Laboratories 



A. Fundamental Principles of Electron Microscopy 381 



1 . Fundamentals of the Instrument 381 



2 . Fundamentals of Application of the Electron Microscope . . 390 



B . Fields of Application of Electron Microscopy 392 



1 . Introduction 392 



2. General Types of Preparations Suitable for Electron Mi- 



croscopy 393 



3 . Examination of Particulate Specimens 396 



4 . Examination of Compact Solids 398 



C. Electron Microscopes, Auxiliary Apparatus, and Techniques. 400 



1 . Number of Electron Microscopes 400 



2. Electron Microscopes 401 



3. Electron Microscope Laboratory 402 



4 . Skill Involved in Operation of the Instrument 405 



5. Skill Involved in Preparation of the Specimen 406 



6. Analysis of Electron Microscope Results 407 



D . Limitations of Electron Microscopy 408 



1 . Instrumental Limitations 408 



2. Limitations Due to Preparative Techniques 410 



E. Outstanding Accomplishments of the Electron Microscope. . . 412 



The Virus Problem 413 



References 416 



A. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRON 



MICROSCOPY 



1. Fundamentals of the Instrument 



The electron microscope is an instrument developed by physicists 

 and electronic engineers as a solution to a long-standing problem of 

 the designers of optical microscopes. Over seventy years ago Ernst 

 Abbe pointed out that it was not the lack of perfection in the lenses 

 of the microscope that imposed the ultimate hmitation on its resolv- 



381 



