5.2 Zooplankton 153 



5.2.1 Ciliate Protozoa in Plankton 155 



5.2.2 Characteristics of Zooplankton Communities 161 



5.2.3 Some Characteristic Features of Epipelagic Necrozooplankton Distribution 172 



5.2.4 Carbon Isotope Ratios in Zooplankton as Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage for 



the Bowhead Whale (Balaena Mysticetus) 177 



5.2.5 Zooneuston 184 



5.3 Icthyoplankton 193 



5.3.1 Larval Fish Distribution 195 



5.4 Modeling 199 



5.4.1 Complex Ecological Evaluation of Planktonic Communities of the Pelagic Zone 201 



Chapter 5 References 209 



Chapter 6: PRIMARY PRODUCTION 213 



6.1 Primary Production of Organic Matter 215 



6.2 The Importance of Primary Production and CO, 2 1 8 



6.3 Intensity of Biosedimentation Processes 224 



6.4 Humic Acids 231 



Chapter 6 References 237 



Chapter 7: BENTHIC PROCESSES & BOTTOM FAUNA 241 



7.1 Benthic Processes on the Shallow Continental Shelf 243 



7.2 Characteristics of Benthic Biocenoses of the Chukchi and Bering Seas 251 



Chapter 7 References 259 



Chapter 8: BIOGEOCHEMIC AL CYCLES 263 



8.1 Fate of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 265 



8.1.1 Long Range Transport of Atmospheric Organochlorine Pollutants and Air-Sea 

 Exchange of Hexachlorocyclohexane 267 



8. 1 .2 Migratory and Bioaccumulative Peculiarities in the Biogeochemical Cycling of 

 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 279 



8.1.3 Organochlorine Contamination of Sediments, Fish, and Invertebrates 285 



8.2 Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 291 



8.2.1 Distribution and Sources of Sedimentary Hydrocarbons 293 



8.2.2 Distribution of PAH'S 301 



8.2.3 Distribution of Benzo(a)pyrene and other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 308 



8.3 Fate of Heavy Metals 315 



8.3.1 Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 317 



8.3.2 Baseline Levels of Certain Trace Metals in Sediment and Biota 319 



8.4 Distribution of Radionuclides 325 



8.4.1 Investigation of Cesium-137 Distribution in Seawater 327 



8.5 Distribution of Organic Matter 331 



8.5.1 Characterization of Sediment Organic Matter 333 



