TWIGS OF WOODY PLANTS. 7 



and may differ markedly in size and shape from the leaf buds, 

 as in the azalea, red-bud and soft maple. 



Biul-scalcs. — In our elimate the buds are usually protected by 

 scales, which are modified leaves or stipules. In a few cases the 

 buds are naked (RIiiis, Asiiiiiiia), the distinction being' that in 

 the scaly buds the scales drop oft' as the bud expands while in the 

 naked buds the outermost protecting leaves develop into foliage 

 and do not fall oft'. This, however, scarcely holds good with our 

 species as the outer leaves are shaped similar to foliage leaves 

 but fall off easily and do n(~)t function as mature foliage leaves. 

 The scales are usually modified leaves or leaf-bases but may be 

 modified stipules. In fact the latter is usually the case in plants 

 possessing stipules. When the scales are stipules they occur in 

 pairs and the transition to ordinary stipules can be traced in the 

 bud, at least at the time of expansion. ]\Iany of our genera have 

 stipular bud-scales, as Magnolia, Tilia, Uhniis, Platajuis, Qiicrciis. 



The bud-scales may be ])rotected by a pubescent coating, by a 

 gummv exudation (Popiihis) or by being sunken in the bark 

 (Gyiniiocladits) . 



The above is a mere outline of the subject, presenting facts of 

 common knowledge to botanists and no claims of originality are 

 made. But the amateur or even the professional botanist will 

 find it a pleasing and profitable occupation to classify the local 

 woody ])lants according to the characters presented in their winter 

 condition. 



On November 1 1 last, Dr. D. G. Fairchild, of the Department 

 of x\griculture addressed the American Brewing Institute on the 

 subject, " Pure Races of Brewing Ijarley." The speaker urged 

 the importance, from the economic point of view, of uniformity 

 of barley races, and showed evidence that such uniformity may 

 be arrived at b}" care in the selection of seed. Before this may be 

 undertaken, however, it is necessary for the practical brewer to 

 decide on the standards of cjuality desired in the material. It 

 was evident from the address that there remains very much to 

 be done in the directions indicated. 



