212 THE PLANT WORLD. 



fioii it means acquiring the habit of independent thought and 

 work, or else a bhnd, unintelhgent following of authority. From 

 the standpoint of science^ it means valuing facts as they are, above 

 preconceived notions of things as we imagine they are or ought 

 to be. From the standpoint of knozvledge, it means clear cut 

 ideas obtained at first hand, instead of vague indefinite notions 

 secured at second hand. 



From this study of the outside of the pea seed, the pupil will 

 karn its globular shape, the absence of the little knob (strophiole), 

 and the possession, in common with the bean seed, of the scar and 

 little opening. Usually some indication of the peg shows through 

 the seed coat. If so, pupils should determine for themselves 

 whether the little hole is directly over the tip of the peg. 



A study of the inside of the pea seed, made as directed above 

 for the bean seed, will show the tough seed-coat, the peg, fatter 

 than in the bean seed, not as long, and not curved so much. 



The pupil will observe the much swollen plumule here, also, 

 not in a straight line with the peg, but making an arch with the 

 latter. Are the cotyledons cup-shaped? 



Drawings (X4) should be made of one view of the outside, 

 showing the scar, little opening, and peg (if it shows through 

 the coat) ; of the inside, similar to the one made of the bean seed. 



In what ways are the bean seed and the pea seed alike? In 

 what ways do they diflfer? 



Write a paragraph telling all you have learned about the pea 

 seed, and another paragraph telling all the ways in which the two 

 seeds are alike and in what ways they are different. 



The Castor-Oil Seed. 



The knob at the end is similar to the little knob on the bean 

 seed. Here it is much larger and fleshier, and it is directly over 

 the little opening which may be seen extending down through it. 

 The scar is not prominent, but is close up under one side of the 

 knob. 



Make drawings (X4), one showing the seed as seen from 

 the side, another to show the end view with the knob ( here called 

 the caruncle). Do not give the pupils the term. 



