CONTENTS (continued) 



Pase 



COMMUNITY COMPONENTS - INVERTEBRATES 45 



Ecological Relationships 45 



Arboreal Arthropod Communi ty 47 



Prop Root and Associated Mud Surface Community 47 



Water Column Community 49 



CHAPTER 7. COMMUNITY COMPONENTS - FISHES 50 



Basin Mangrove Forests 50 



Riverine Forests 52 



Fringing Forests along Estuarine Bays and Lagoons 54 



Fringing Forests along Oceanic Bays and Lagoons 56 



Overwash Mangrove Islands 56 



Gradient of Mangrove Community Interactions 57 



COMMUNITY COMPONENTS - AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 58 



CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY COMPONENTS - BIRDS 61 



9.1 Ecological Relationships 61 



9.2 Wading Birds 61 



9 . 3 Probi ng Shorebi rds 65 



9.4 Floating and Diving Water Birds 65 



9.5 Aerially-searching Birds 67 



9.6 Birds of Prey 67 



9.7 Arboreal Birds 68 



9.8 Associations between Mangrove Community Types and Birds 70 



9.9 Mangroves as Winter Habitat for North American Migrant Land Birds . 71 



CHAPTER 10. COMMUNITY COMPONENTS - MAMMALS 72 



CHAPTER 1 1 . VALUE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS TO MAN 74 



1.1 Shoreline Stabilization and Storm Protection 74 



1.2 Habitat Value to Wildlife 74 



1.3 Importance to Threatened and Endangered Species 75 



1.4 Value to Sport and Commercial Fisheries 75 



1.5 Aesthetics, Tourism and the Intangibles 75 



1.6 Economic Products 76 



CHAPTER 12. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 77 



12.1 Inherent Vulnerability 77 



12.2 Man-induced Destruction 77 



12.3 Effects of Oil Spills on Mangroves 80 



12.4 Man-induced Modifications 81 



12.5 Protective Measures Including Transplanting 84 



12.6 Ecological Value of Black vs. Red Mangroves 85 



12.7 The Importance of Inter-community Exchange 85 



12.8 Management Practices: Preservation 86 



vi 



