542 THE PANORPOID COMPLEX, iii-, 



Before entering upon the detailed researches that form the 

 main portion of this paper, I desire to offer my very best thanks 

 to all those kind friends who have made the work possible, by 

 helping to supply the immense amount of material studied. 

 Much of this material finds no mention in this paper, seeing that 

 the limitations of space only permit of the use of the most 

 telling arguments, which are reinforced, in the author's mind, 

 by the results attained in many other directions, and with many 

 other genera than those here mentioned. Thus I would ask 

 those who supplied material, not to think that, because their par- 

 ticular specimens do not appear to fill any place in the argu- 

 ment, they were not of value. The number of dissections of 

 pupa? in the Lepidoptera alone has approached two hundred, 

 representing practically every family obtainable within a reason- 

 able distance of Sydney, and not a few from, distant localities. 

 Let me, then, thank the following gentlemen for the supply of 

 valuable material, mentioning here only the Orders involved; and 

 let me make further special acknowledgments of those particular 

 consignments, each in its proper place, which have proved of 

 special value in this work: — Drs. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S., L. 

 Peringuey and A . J . Turner ( Lepidoptera ) , Messrs . Herbert 

 Campion (Megaloptera), F. W. Carpenter (Planipennia, Trich- 

 optera, and general help in the field), E. J. Dumigan (Lepi- 

 doptera), Luke Canard (Planipennia, Lepidoptera, Diptera), G. 

 H. Hardy (Diptera), G. Howes (Megaloptera, Trichoptera ) , G. 

 Lyell (Lepidoptera, Mecoptera), E. Meyrick, F.R.S., (Lepi- 

 doptera), K. J. Morton (Trichoptera, Lepidoptera), A. Philpott 

 (Lepidoptera), and the discoverers of the fine new types of 

 three fossil Orders, Messrs. B. Dunstan and J. Mitchell. 



Section i. The Basal Tracheation of the Pupal Wing. 



(Text-fig. 36.) 



Comstock and Needham (14) have shown how, in the most 

 primitive types of wings, the tracheal supply arises from two 

 sources. An anterior trachea, called the costo-radial trachea, 

 arises either from the dorsal trunk, or from the anterior branch 

 of the Y-shaped leg-trachea, and enters the wing anteriorly. 

 From this, the costal (if present), subcostal and radial trachea? 

 are derived, as well as, originally, the median trachea. A pos- 

 terior trachea, called the cubito-anal trachea, arises either from 

 further back along the dorsal trunk, or from the posterior branch 



