BY R. J. TILLY ARD. 639 



the Lepidoptera failed to reach this stage, through degradation 

 of 3A. In either ease, the condition of these veins in the Jugo- 

 t'reiiata is no argument for placing that group in the Trichop- 

 tera, as Qomstock has done (15) ; since the group, as a whole, 

 shows the Trichopterous condition in certain genera and the 

 Lepidopterous condition in others (see 27, Text-figs. 1, 6, 9, show- 

 ing the single loop present in Eriocrania, Micro pteryx and Mnes- 

 archaea). 



As regards character (8) above, it should be noted that the 

 longitudinal position of the cross-vein ml in the hindwing, which 

 Comstoek imagined was peculiar to the Trichoptera and the 

 Jugo-frenata, is also to be found in the Mecoptera and the 

 Sialidae (Text-fig. 104) . This cross-vein does not occur, so far 

 as I know, in the hindwings of any Lepidoptera outside the 

 Jugo-frenata . * 



We may say, then, of the eight characters named above, which 

 are common to the Trichoptera and Jugo-frenata, that they are 

 all of them, except (6), also to be found outside these two 

 groups. Taken together, they form a strong argument for the 

 elose relationship of the two Orders Trichoptei'a and Lepidoptera. 

 But they do not, in any sense whatever, justify the removal of 

 the Jugo-frenata to the Trichoptera. 



The complete venational characters of the Jugo-frenata may 

 be gathered from my paper on this group (26) . We shall now 

 proceed to discuss the venations of the other two families of 

 the Homoneura, and to note in particular the many points of 

 resemblance between them and the Jugo-frenata. 



Division J u g a t a. 



Family HEPIALID.E. 



This family is of the greatest importance for the correct un- 

 derstanding of the Archetype of the Lepidoptera. 



Most of the pupa? studied belonged to species of the genus 

 Charagia, the larva? of which tunnel in the stems of various 

 trees. Text-fig. 77 shows the tracheation of the wings in a 

 freshly-turned pupa of Ch. splendens Scott. This pupa' was 

 first examined under a lens, while it rested on cotton-wool. The 



'The complicated condition of the anal venation at the base of the 

 himlwings of certain Tortricina suggests that this cross- vein may some- 

 times be present there. See, for instance, the figure given for hot r ins 

 by Meyrick (3, p. 542). 



