MAN-LIKE APES. l8l 



the Negroes, have the head long from back to front (doli- 

 chocephalic). The Asiatic Man-like Apes are, on the con- 

 trary, mostly of a brown, or yellowish brown colour, and 

 have the head short from back to front (brachycephalic), 

 like their countrymen, the Malays and Mongols. The 

 largest Asiatic Man-like Ape is the well-known Orang, or 

 Orang-outang (Fig. 128), which is indigenous in the Sunda 

 Islands (Borneo, Sumatra), and is brown in colour. Two 

 species have recently been distinguished : the great Orang 

 (Satyrus Orang ; Fig. 205, Plate XIY. Fig. 8), and the small 

 Orang (Satyrus raorio). A genus of smaller Anthropoids 

 (Fig. 204), the Gibbons (Hylobates), live on the main-land 

 of Southern Asia and on the Sunda Islands ; from four to 

 eight different species of these have been distinguished. 

 Neither of these living Anthropoids can be indicated as the 

 Ape absolutely most like Man. The Gorilla approaches 

 nearest to Man in the structure of the hand and foot, the 

 Chimpanzee in important structural details in the skull, 

 the Orang in the development of the brain, and the Gibbon 

 in that of the thorax. It is evident that no single one of 

 these existing Man-like Apes is among the direct ancestors 

 of the human race ; they are all the last scattered remnants 

 of an old, catarhine branch, once numerous, from which the 

 human race has developed as a special branch and in a 

 sjjccial direction. 



Although Man (Homo) ranks immediately next to this 

 anthropoid family, from which he doubtless directly origin- 

 ated, yet the Ape-men (Pithecanthropi) may be inserted 

 here, as an important intermediate form between the two, 

 and as the twenty-first stage in our ancestral series. In the 

 " Natural History of Creation " (vol. ii p. 293), I have 



