1865.] 27 



of country are more variable than those limited to a smaller area, and 

 some arguments have been based upon this and similar assertions by 

 those who would maintain the derivative theory of the origin of species; 

 on this assumption, and in general, if holding the derivative view, we 

 would consistently maintain it, we should expect to find (1) that C. 

 Jutta and C. Bore were the most variable; (2) C. Oeno following next 

 in that particular, with its transatlantic and cisatlantic members exhi- 

 biting among themselves some slight characters by which in some inde- 

 scribable way, but with considerable certainty, the one could be sepa- 

 rated from the other ; (3) that C scmidea, restricted as it is so far as 

 we know to an extremely meagre patch of country, would show the least 

 variation of any. followed closely in that respect by C Aello ; and finally 

 (4) that there would be close agreement between G. semklea and some 

 Labrador — and probably purely Labrador — species, the relationship 

 being of a similar kind to that exhibited by C. Aello to some North 

 European — and probably purely European — species. In point of fact 

 almost the exact opposite appears to be true. Moschler says of what 

 he calls C. Also, that it varies more in design and coloring than any 

 other species of the genus, and therefore more than C. Jutta or C. Bore. 

 How much more must this be true when we combine with it in one 

 species what he describes as C. Oeno ; and yet in the species of nar- 

 rowest domain, and probably of as limited a geographical area as any 

 species of butterfly in the world, C. seniidea, we find a range of varia- 

 tion almost, if not altogether, as great as is discoverable in C. Oeno in 

 its largest sense, as I have used it. We find no difference in the indi- 

 viduals of 0. Oeno from one side of the Atlantic compared with those 

 on the other, any more than we do in O. Jutta and C. Bore, though 

 sufficient attention has not yet been paid to this point. There is also 

 a close agreement between C. semidea and a Labrador species, C. Oeno, 

 closer than that which exists between 0. Oeno and any other species 

 in Labrador ; but 0. Oeno is not exclusively an American species, and 

 although the p]uropean alpine species, C. Aello, is most allied to a purel}' 

 European species, C. ^^onia,^' it is not so closely related to it as the 

 arctic European species are among themselves. We thus see that the 

 relations of the alpine to the arctic species on the two continents are 

 nearly the reverse ; that while the American alpine species agrees very 

 closely with a species not purely Labradoriau, slighter affinities than 

 ordinary bind the European alpine fepecies to a strictly North Eui'opean 

 or to a purely Labrador one. 



•■'Though I am in considerable doubt whether it has not more affinities with 

 C Calais, the purely Labrador species. 



