88 BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 



and openness of perfect daylight. Here is a man who cares more 

 for the truth than for himself. The black spot in man's sunshine, 

 the shadow of himself, seems non-existent for him. He stands by 

 his work, that is enough ; if it has worth, well — if not, still well ; 

 the elemental drift of action and reaction will continue, the out- 

 come will still be good. As Carlyle has said, "A noble uncon- 

 sciousness is in him. He does not engrave ti'uth on his watch-seal ; 

 no, but he stands by truth, speaks by it, works and lives by it." 



But not as a fact gatherer do we find him greatest. Many others 

 have struggled with ant-like toil to amass piles of facts which, like the 

 ant-heap, remain but sand after all. Darwin brings to his work an 

 informing spirit, the genius of scientific hypothesis. Breathed upon 

 by this spirit, the dry bones of fact come together "bone to his 

 bone," the sinews and the flesh come upon them, they become alive 

 and stand upon their feet " an exceeding great army." He searches 

 always for the principles which underlie the facts and make them 

 possible, realizing that the phcnomcjia, the things which are seen, 

 are temporal and transitory ; the things which are not seen, the 

 cosmical forces which govern and control, are eternal. 



In his examination of the expression of the emotions he found 

 that both in man and animals they can be referred to three general 

 principles which may be termed habit, antithesis, and nervous over- 

 flow. By habit, or repetition, serviceable movements become fixed — 

 involuntary, or semi-voluntary. By antithesis, opposite frames 

 of mind are expressed by opposite actions, even though those actions 

 may not be serviceable. The theory of nervous overflow is that un- 

 usual quantities of force generated by the cerebro-spinal system are 

 discharged by unusual channels of expression when the ordinary 

 channels are insufficient. 



He finds that emotional expressions are generally direct conse- 

 quences of anatomical structure, and clearly shows the interdepen- 

 dence of anatomy and physiology. For structure can no more be 

 divorced from function than matter can be dissociated from force. 

 All the complex expressions of grief — from the twitching of the 



