92 



of persons in the underdeveloped society.^"- Critics of American aid 

 programs overwhelmingly agree that early programs suffered from a 

 lack of emphasis on education — both formal and informal.^"^ For 

 example, Rene Maheu, UNESCO's Director General, has suggested 

 that development must overcome widespread social inertia in the 

 less developed nation. This implies the need for a change in attitude, 

 which will not occur "* * * until science and technology cease to 

 be an imported magic * * * (but instead) * * * become a custom 

 of (the) people." ^"^ 



It was not until 1955 that the defects of not allocating more 

 resources to the development of an educational system were noted 

 by the administration and the technical assistance program was 

 shifted to give greater priority to basic education and also i)ublic 

 administration. Upon submitting information reviewing program shifts 

 in technical cooperation to the Subcommittee on Technical Assistance 

 of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Mr. Harold E. 

 Stassen, then Director of the Foreign Operations Administration, 

 said : 



We are in the process of shifting the emphasis in the program. Here you see 

 that in the agriculture and natural resources in percentage the effort is declining. 

 In the health and sanitation it stayed relatively in about the same importance. 

 In education, going beyond literacy, it is expanding. This generally increased 

 emphasis on education, including, for examiale, the establishment of the voca- 

 tional-educational schools for crafts and occupations, the engineering schools, and 

 the various types of professional schools, brings that less developed society along 

 as it goes beyond the state of enough clothing for its people, into a more developed 

 society. 



At the same time we are stepping up the public administration program to 

 endeavor to educate and train their young men to be more economic in the 

 managing of the financial exchange of their country, the balance of payments, 

 the budgetary processes, the kind of things that a society, as it moves away from 

 an agricultural, less developed society, must have if it is to be stable and continue 

 to develop. '"5 



Population 



In approaching the problem of population per se, both the admin- 

 istration and the Congress were constrained by the existing cultural 

 values, which in 1950 had not 3^et fully appreciated the growing 

 problem of population pressiu'es. Accordingly the views of the best 

 qualified authorities were not brought to bear in 1950 on the question 

 of population resource imbalance in the underdeveloped coimtries. 

 This omission delayed official recognition of the need for a national 

 policy in this field until 1963 when President Keimedy said that 

 "we need to 'know more about the whole reproductive cycle' and 

 that this knowledge should then be made more available to the 



102 Theodore Schultz asserts that nivestment hi human capital is as important as investment in pliysical 

 capital (Theodore Schultz, "Investment in Human Capital." American Economic Review (March 1951), 

 p. 1): Albert O. Hirschman has called for a "binding agent" or the development of a liberal enlightened 

 stratum, which can understand and communicate with both the developed and underdeveloped sectors of 

 society (Albert O. Hirschman, "The Strategy of Economic Development" (New Haven, Yale University 

 Press, 1959), pp. 6-7). 



W3 See John Kenneth Galbraith. "A Positive Approach to Foreign Aid." Foreign Affairs (April 1961), 

 p. 444. 



'M Rene Maheu, as cited by Carlos Chagas, Ambassador, Brazilian permanent delegate to UNESCO. 

 Science and Technology in Latin America. In U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astro- 

 nautics. Government, Science and International Policy. A compilation of papers prepared for the eighth 

 meeting of the Panel on Science and Technology, 1967. Committee Print. (Washington, U.S. Government 

 Printing Office, 1967), pp. 10-11. 



•C5 Statement of Hon. Harold E. Stassen, Director, Foreign Operations Administration. In U.S. Congress. 

 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Technical assistance programs. Hearing before the Subcommittee 

 on Technical Assistance of the * * * on Technical Assistance Programs. Feb. 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, Mar. 2, 3. 4, 

 1955. 84th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), p. 21. 



