108 



for support of ''those systematic studies which treat of man in his 

 relationships with his community — economics, poHtical science, soci- 

 ology, history, and geography among others." He cited the importance 

 of strategic assessment of foreign nations, psychological warfare and 

 morale studies, psychological testing of personnel for special service, 

 and other aspects of intelligence. Said Magruder: 



In the estimates made for the various planning agencies of the Joint Chiefs of 

 Staff and their Joint Intelligence Committee the social scientists made valuable 

 contributions in gaging the enemy capabilities, probable intentions, and vulnera- 

 bilities. They dealt primarily with the nonmilitary aspects of the enemy situation, 

 and the economic, political, and geographic position with respect to his supply 

 of strategic raw materials, manpower supply, and plants; on enemy production 

 of aircraft, tanks, and other military supplies; on the probable durability of the 

 enemy's political structure; and so forth. These calculations, made by a staff 

 which in large part had come to Federal service from the social science faculties 

 of our leading universities, contributed significantly to the overall capability 

 studies available to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 



It was important that this capability be preserved, he went on. 



Were there to develop a dearth of social scientists, all national intelligence 

 agencies servicing policymakers in peace or war would directly be handicapped.^^ 



The role of the human sciences in systems engineering was described 

 by Gen. H. H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, 

 who spoke of the "necessity for scientific research on human factors, 

 in use of new equipment and the integration of research in designs, 

 personnel selection, and training, so that by the time the equipment 

 has become standard, standard procedures for selection and training 

 are also available." ^° 



Three witnesses testified as to the importance of the social sciences in 

 fields that have since become of foremost importance in connection 

 with national problems. One was Dr. Abel Wolman, professor of sani- 

 tary engineering of Johns Hopkins University and Chairman of the 

 Committee on Sanitary Engineering of the National Research Council. 

 An important part of the research in his field, he said, "* * * falls 

 over very completely in the social science field." It involved such 

 problems as water sui)ply, stream pollution, air pollution, the social 

 aspect of waste, and the social aspects of the environment. He would 

 include the social sciences in the NSF because: 



I see tremendous importance in converting the results of fundamental and 

 applied research to the uses of man. The reason I hesitate in defining how that 

 should best be done is the criteria, the method of measurement, the whole field of 

 research in social sciences doesn't lend itself to the concreteness that it does in 

 natural sciences. But I certainly would not underestimate its importance because 

 what such a foundation of science does in this field has, after all, whether we like 

 it or not, significance not only in abstract knowledge, but significance in raising 

 the general level of humanity, and that part of the program is a social science 

 enterprise.^' 



In the field of "technological transfer," Moms L. Cooke, a consult- 

 ing engineer who represented the Independent Citizens Committee of 

 the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, favored inclusion of the social 

 sciences in the NSF, and appeared to associate it with the achievement 

 of a "balanced system for the sciences based on total human needs." ^^ 



Judge Ewing Cockrell, of the U.S. Federation of Justice proposed 

 that the Foundation be given a special branch of the social sciences as 



29 Ibid., pp. 900-901. 

 so Ibid., pp. 345-346. 



31 Ibid., pp. 663-674; and especially 670. 



32 Ibid., pp. 1003-1005. 



