206 



(U.S.S.K.). The treaty was agreed to and initialed July 25. The 

 President announced the agreement in a radio-television address the 

 evening of July 26. 



In announcing that agreement had been reached on a test ban treaty 

 in Moscow, the President claimed for it four advantages : it would 

 reduce world tensions, reduce radioactive fallout, help prevent nuclear 

 proliferation, and limit the arms race. The United States should 

 remain ready to resume atmospheric tests so as to minimize any 

 advantage to (and thus deter) an adversary from surprise abrogation. 

 It would be necessary to maintain detection systems to render cheating 

 as difficult and unrewarding as possible (and thus to deter it). The 

 President expressed hope that the document would be the subject of 

 "a historic and constructive debate." It would involve military,, 

 scientific, and political experts, but it must not be left, to them alone. 

 He hoped that "all of you will take part in that debate, for this treaty 

 is for all of us." ^^ In this way the President openly solicited public 

 expressions of opinion to the Members of the Senate. 



The treaty was f onnally signed in Moscow, August 5, by Gromyko ; 

 Dean Rusk, Secretary of State : and Lord Home, Principal Secretary 

 of State for Foreign Affairs. The presence at the treaty-signing cere- 

 mony of Senators Humphrey, Pastore, Aiken, and Saltonstall 

 symbolized the important role of the Senate in the conduct of American 

 foreign policy. 



The treaty was reported to the President by Acting Secretary of 

 State George W. Ball, August 8, and was transmitted to the Senate by 

 tho President the same day. At this point, the center of activity shifted 

 to the Senate. 



III. The Test Ban Treaty Hearings 



The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was referred to the Commit- 

 tee on Foreign Relations, chaired by Senator J, William Fulbright, 

 Because of the technical aspects and military implications of the 

 treaty, he invited members of the Committee on Armed Services and 

 the Senate members of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy to sit 

 with his committee during the hearings.^^ A complication was intro- 

 duced by the circumstance that a separate set of hearings^" had been 

 initiated by the Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the 



^ "Documents on Disarmament, 19fi3." pp. 250-257. 



™ The hearings were held according to the following schedule : During the week of 

 August 12 : Dean Rusk, Secretary of State : Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense ; 

 Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; and John A. McCone. 

 Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (In executive session). During the week of 

 August 19 : Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (including Gen. David M. Shoup. Com- 

 mandant, U.S. Marine Corps) ; Dr. Edward Teller, formerly director of Lawrence Radia- 

 tion Laboratory ; Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe, director of the Foreign Policy Research 

 Institute, University of Pennsylvania : Dr. Harold Brown, director of Defense Research 

 and Engineering, Department of Defense ; Dr. Norrls E. Bradbury, director of Los Alamos 

 Scientific Laboratory ; Dr. John S. Foster. Jr., director of Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ; 

 Dr. Willard F. Llbby, former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission : Adm. Hiewis L. 

 Strauss, U.S. Navy (retired), former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission : Harold 

 E. Stassen. President Elsenhower's Special Adviser for Disarmament : and Norman 

 Cousins. Also various public witnesses. During the week of August 26 : Dr. Herbert 

 P. York, former director of Defense Research and Engineering ; Dr. Marshall D. Shulman, 

 Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University ; Arthur H. Dean, formerly 

 U.S. representative to the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee : Dr. George B. 

 Kistiakowsky of Harvard University and formerly scientific adviser to President Eisen- 

 hower. Also a number of public witnesses. 



"""On Military Aspects and Implications of Nuclear Test Ban Proposals and Related 

 Matters." Beginning May 7, the subcommittee had heard testimony from Adm. George W. 

 Anderson, Jr., Chief of Naval Operations : Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, Air Force Chief of 

 Staff ; Maj. Gen. Robert H. Booth. Chief. Defense Atomic Support Agency ; William C. 

 Foster, director, and Dr. Franklin A. Long, assistant director, U.S. Arms Control and 

 Disarmament Agency, and Leland Haworth. Commissioner, Atomic Energy Commission. 



