247 



man of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. However, assess- 

 ment of the concept was initiated long before June by interested Mem- 

 bers of Congress, experts on contract to Senator Kennedy, 

 nongovernmental groups, and the Peace Corps task force Director 

 R. Sargent Shriver. By the time the Congress came to consider the 

 legislation, most of tlie spadework had been completed, controversy 

 eliminated, operational plans designed, and a pilot program begun. 

 Throughout this evolutionary period the Congress was kept well 

 informed. 



International versus National Peace Corps 



An early Peace Corps study was prepared at Candidate Kennedy's 

 request by Dr. Samuel P. Hayes, professor of economics at the Uni- 

 versity of Michigan and former director of its foundation for re- 

 search on human behavior. It first appeared as a memorandum in Sep- 

 tember 1960, and was subsequently amplified into a pamphlet report 

 for general circulation.^*^ The Hayes plan was based on the concept 

 that national volunteers would operate under the administrative or- 

 ganization of a United Nations International Youth Service. Exten- 

 sive training and orientation would be prerequisites for service ; volun- 

 teers would not be exempted from military obligations. The U.S. con- 

 tingent in this International Peace Corps would consist of some 30,000 

 to 50,000 volunteers.-^ _ 



A more comprehensive study was presented to the President-elect 

 on December 18, 1960, by the Committee on Educational Interchange 

 Policy of the Institute of International Education, chaired by Harlan 

 Cleveland, dean of the Graduate School of Citizenship and Public 

 Affairs of Syracuse University.-^ This study recommended that the 

 youth service program should make volunteers available to private 

 agencies engaged in development work, as well as to other govern- 

 ments, and that the proposed agency serve as a funding and clearing 

 house for all public and private volunteer assistance programs. Other 

 recommendations were : one 3-year term of service, 1,000 volunteers 

 in the field the first year, and no exemption from military service.-'' 



Evolving scope of the plan through professional reviews 



A third study for the President-elect, prepared in December 1960, 

 was conducted by Dr. Max ]\Iil]ikan, director of the Center for Inter- 

 national Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It recom- 

 mended — 



No exemptions from the selective service ; 



Incorporation of tlie program into a broader foreign aid effort; 



Hiffli standards of selectivity and training ("extensive language training in 

 native dialects, even with native instructors, * * * irLstruetion in the economic, 

 cultural, social, and political characteristics of the region to which the partici- 

 pant will be assigned, [and appropriate] technical training") ; 



Operational rather than advisory program ("* * * Explicitly designed to fill a 

 temporary shortage of indigenous persons with the necessary qualifications in 



28 "An International Youth Service," September 1960. Cited by Hayes, op. clt., p. 7. 



^ "An International Peace Corps • • • the Promise and Problems,' op. eit., pp. 92-94. 



-'' Other members were : Leo Dowling, associate dean of students. Indiana University : 

 liUther H. Evans. Brookings Institution; William Fels, president of Benning'ton College; 

 Fred W. Heehinger. education editor of the New York Times ; Margaret Hickey, public affairs 

 editor of the Ladies Home .lournal ; Kenneth Holland, president. Institute of International 

 Education ; John Ivey, president of the Midwest Council on Airborne Television Instruction ; 

 Benjamin R. Shute. former Director of Intelligence of the United States High Commissioner 

 in Germany ; and Donald .7. Shank, executive vice president of the Institute of International 

 Education ("Details Proposed for Pea^ce Corps," New York Times (Dec. 19, 1960). o. 19), 



» Idem. 



