Plant Morphology in America. 109 



be referred to: Atkinson, Coulter, Campbell, Caiiiinu, Johnson, 

 Mottier, and Schaffner. 



A phase of inorpholoj^fy that has been niDre diligentl\- pur- 

 sued in l{ngland than in America, due largely to its bearing on 

 the study of fossil plants, is the vascular anatomv of the higher 

 plants, especially' that of the Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes. 

 The best known exponent of this ])hase of morjjliology in Amer- 

 ica is Professor Iv. C jefTrey. 



The morphology of the archegoniate j^lants, the mosses and 

 ferns, has received its share of attention in America during the 

 past twenty-live years. Among those who have been active in 

 this department mav be mentioned Atkinson, Barnes, Campbell, 

 Ivvans, Howe, Jeffrey, Johnson, l.von, and Underwood. 



The morphological work upon Alg^e has been less extensive 

 l^erhaj^s than that upon the higher cryptogams and seed-plants, 

 but a good many \ aluable contributions have been made by 

 American botanists to the morphology of this group. vSome 

 of those who have made important additions to oar knowledge 

 of the morphology of these plants are Farlow, Davis, Howe, 

 Kofoid, ^loore, Osterhout, Saunders, and Setchell. 



The Fungi, comprising as they do the largest number of 

 plants outside of the Angios])erms, have naturally received 

 a good deal of attention from botanists, but this has been for 

 the most part rather from the taxonomic and economic side 

 than from the side of pure morphology. Nevertheless, some 

 notable morphological work on the Fungi has been done by 

 American botanists. Farlow's early papers on Fungi were 

 among the first American contributions to the morphology of 

 the cryptogams, and among the notable work of more recent 

 date must be mentioned the very important contributions of 

 Harper and Thaxter. 



Of the more recent phases of morphological work, that of 

 experimental morphology must be mentioned, although this 

 might be considered to be rather a phase of physiologv than of 

 pure morphology. Some of the most important botanical work 

 done imder the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washing- 

 ton comes under this head, and the work of MacDougal and his 

 colleagues perhaps represents the most important contribution 

 to this department of botany that has been done in America. 



