164 



POPULAR FLORA. 



1. Lea^yes in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces: 

 ^-~--' teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned. 



Stamens 5 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, {Ruhia) *Madder. 



Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 3. Fruit a pair of dry or 

 fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, iu others beset with 

 hooked prickles, making little burs, {Galium) Bedstkaw. 



2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath. 



Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephaldnihus) Buttonbush. 



Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.) 



Flowers twin, on one ovar}-, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creepino- 



evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. {Mltchclla) PAnxKiDGE-BERKY. 



Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a diy pod. Stems erect. ( Oldeiih'mdia. § Iluuslbnia) Bluets. 



48. VAIiERIA]^ FAMILY. Order VALERIANA CE.E. 

 Herbs, Avith strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobcd monopetalons 

 corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one- 

 seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, ■white or purplish. 



Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Valeriana) ^Valerian. 



Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, {Fedia) LAaiB-LExxucE. 



49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACEiE. 



Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded 

 by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel- 

 form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an 

 akene in fruit, containins; one hano-inor seed. 



Flowers in a rough-chaffy head : calyx- cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem 



and leaves rough or prickly, {Dipsicus) Teasel. 



Flowers larger than tlie chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes : lobes of the 



corolla 4 or 5, unequal, {Scabiosa) *Scabiou&. 



50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITiE. 



Known by having what were called compound Jlowers, which are really a number of 



flow^ers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in- 

 volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious has its flowers 

 in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family 

 is that its five stamens arc united by their anthers, or syngenc- 

 sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into 

 a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube 

 split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the 

 whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that, 



