414 EMBRYOLOGY 



description of the author, evidently must come from the mesenchyma. 

 Examples of both genera were previously studied by Balfour (C«?)i- 

 parative Embryolofiy) and Metschnikoff, and were found to be like other 

 Echinoderms in regard to the structures in question. 



The studies of Bury (No. 8) on the early development of the entero- 

 hydrocoele are, on the contrary, important. If, in spite of this, we have 

 not given them a correspondingly prominent place in our account of these 

 conditions, it is owing chiefly to the fact that Bury's statements on this 

 subject are almost directly opposed to those of other authors, and that, 

 furthermore, they neither trace the fundaments of those organs back to 

 the earliest stages, nor devote sufficient attention to the later history 

 of them. For these reasons, Bury's investigations, which, after all, 

 include only a few stages from the middle, do not seem to us to be sufli- 

 ciently conclusive upon the development of this important system of 

 organs, deviating so fundamentally as they do from all other descriptions. 



Bury assumes that all Echinoderm larvfe have not two enterocoelic 

 sacs, as had previously been believed, but two pairs of them, either 

 actually present or to be recognized from their fundaments. Thus the 

 larval body would exhibit an internal segmentation. These conditions 

 can be clearly seen in the larvae of Ophiurans and Ecliinnids, in which 

 the larger, anterior enterocoeles lie at the side of the oesophagus, and the 

 smaller, posterior ones next to the stomach. The anterior and posterior 

 pairs have arisen by division of the primary enterocoeles. The left 

 anterior enterocoelic sac opens to the exterior by means of the water 

 pore. The union of the latter with the enterocoelic sac does not corre- 

 spond to the subsequent stone canal, for the hydrocoele does not arise 

 until later, and then either from the anterior or posterior enterocoele, 

 from which it is constricted off ; it is only secondarily that it unites with 

 the anterior enterocoele. Originally, then, only the body cavity commu- 

 nicates (by means of the dorsal pore) with the outer world. The hydro- 

 ccjele does not unite with the body cavity, and thus with the outer world, 

 until later. Such conditions were also found by Ludwig in later stages 

 of Aster ina (comp. pp. 408 and 436), and are retained throughout life 

 in the Crinoidea (comp. p. 447 and Fig. 224, p. 4o3). 



Bury's observations seem to coincide with those of Metschnikoff, who 

 also observed a division of the right enterocoelic vesicle in Ophiurans and 

 Echinoids. but referred it to the formation of a right hydroca-le, which 

 subsequently degenerates. Thus Metschnikoff argues for a primitively 

 paired fundament of the hydrocoele, whereas Bury, like other authors, 

 derives it as an unpaired structure from one of the two enterocoeles of 

 the left side. 



In other Echinoderm larvte Bury finds the internal segmentation less 

 sharply expressed. In the Astcroidea an anterior and posterior entero- 

 cciile can still be distinguished ; they are, however, no longer sejiarate, 

 but coalesce with each other. The Ilolothurioidea are said to have, 

 in addition to the two posterior enterocoeles, a left anterior one, which, 



