366 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERT. 



An example may illustrate the truth more fully. Let us look at these 

 organs in a fish, a lizard, and in man. The fish rests horizontally in the water; 

 the head, neck, and trunk form one bulky mass : the dorsal column itself is 

 the locomotatory organ; the four limbs, fins, are used for balancing the 

 body; the ears are rudimentary; the eyes stiff, cold, Avithout eyelids, and 

 thus without expression, and from their position and slight mobility, of a 

 very narrow horizon; there is no voice with which to call a companion. 

 What means has this animal, by which to show to another being what it 

 feels ? Now, as we see in fishes hardly any organs for sympathetic motions, 

 or senses for sympathetic perceptions, we think we are justified in saying, 

 that there must be also in them very little sympathetic feeling or thinking. 

 Let us rise some steps further in the series of vertebrates, to the lizard, 

 that quick, lively, sagacious animal. While in fishes, the greater part of the 

 body, and all four limbs, are used in locomotion, we find here four developed 

 legs, the body nearly exempt from the function of locomotion, and thus 

 capable of further differentiation; and the head, neck, trunk, and tail are 

 distinct. With the distinct neck, and consequent ability to turn the head, 

 are immediately connected, not only a larger horizon, but also many motions 

 which manifest whatever moves or excites the animal. Together with the 

 larger horizon, the eyes are very well developed, and the play of the eyelids 

 (which are wanting in fishes and even in snakes) gives expression; so much, 

 indeed, that I have been able to tell from a glance at the eyes alone of some 

 lizards which I once kept alive for a long time, and which were tame, 

 whether they felt well or not. The ears, also, the oigans of the real social 

 sense, are well developed in lizards; and though the animals themselves have 

 no voice, still they seem to like music. The tongue, which rarely exists in 

 fishes, and when present, is a mere organ for swallowing food, has here not 

 only become an organ of touch, but a means of expressing sympathy; for I 

 have seen them licking each other in play. In turtles, Avhich are higher than 

 lizards, we find already a voice; and even the fore feet are used as organs 

 for sympathetic motions. Prof. J. Wyman, in observing two of our common 

 pond turtles at the breeding season, saw the male gently stroke the head of 

 the female for some minutes. 



Rising a step higher, we find in birds the voice developed to a high degree, 

 but yet confined to a narrow range of modulated sounds. In mammalia, 

 the organs for sympathetic motions are more developed than in birds, 

 except, perhaps, those connected with the voice, although even this point 

 remains to be settled. In mammalia, we find the first hints of what shall 

 come in man. The first idea of an arm, we find in the bear, it embraces; 

 and this idea of an arm is connected with the ability to stand erect upon the 

 flat of the foot. In mammalia, too, we first find the idea of a hand, hinted 

 at already in the bear, but carried out more fully in the monkey. The fea- 

 tures of the face we find remarkable in the dog, and still more so in the 

 monkey. We could find a like series in the organs of reproduction, which, 

 from this merely natural view, must be considered organs of sympathy. It 

 is interesting to consider hermaphroditism from this stand-point : it will be 

 evident that it cannot occur in any animal of high psychical endowments. 

 We will, in addition, merely call attention to the fact, that fishes have no 

 organs of copulation, or very rudimentary ones ; that in many species the 

 male does not know the mother of the eggs which it fecundates ; while, on 

 the other hand, some reptiles, many birds, and most mammalia live in pairs, 

 or, at least, their males and females go together throughout life, helping and 



