ZOOLOGY. 367 



taking cure of each other All the family life, the only fountain of moral 

 and intellectual beauty, rests in the distinction and voluntary union of the 

 sexes, and this distinction and union only make possible the highest unity 

 of two beings which exists. 



We will dwell no longer on these steps, but consider man himself. If our 

 principle of coincidence of the degree of psychical development, with the 

 degree of the development of the organs of sympathetic motions, be true, 

 we must find these latter in their highest condition in man. And so it is. 

 Man, standing upright on his feet, has all his body free for sympathetic 

 motions; and the organs by which they are performed are here in perfection. 

 What we saw in the fish as a balancing instrument, in the lizard as a mere 

 locomotatory organ, is in man an arm which embraces the child, the friend. 

 With the hand, of which we saw no sign in the fish, which is a foot and a 

 locomotatory organ in the lizard, and the same in all mammalia, even mon- 

 keys, man grasps the hand of his fellow-man, and shows him what he feels, 

 and with it he emphasizes his language. Here are the features of the face, 

 expressing, by the most diversified play of motions, the varying conditions 

 of the spirit, telling love and hate, joy and pain. Here are the eyes, the 

 mirror of the soul. All these organs we find m a lower condition in the 

 higher mammalia, especially in monkeys. But there is one kind of sympa- 

 thetic motions, which man alone enjoys, those employed in language, 

 the power to express fully his ideas, his emotions to other men, by modu- 

 lated sounds, produced by the complicated motion of the larynx, the tongue, 

 the lips, etc. Many animals, it is true, have a voice, but none of them can 

 express a series of thoughts or feelings. The cry of an animal is always the 

 last concluding word of a sentence. It may be the result of a series of 

 thoughts, but this series itself is never expressed. Men have also this kind 

 of sounds the sounds of laughing, crying, and many others : thus the war- 

 cry of the Indian is no language; it is an animal sound, like the cry of a 

 wolf, when it calls others to help. But all men have, beyond these animal 

 sounds, the free, flexible language. They not only show to each other some 

 of the points of their thinking, and feeling, and willing ; they show, or can 

 show, all the process which goes on within; that is, their inner natures can, 

 by means of language, communicate with each other freely. We recognize 

 in language the highest kind of sympathetic motions. 



Conclusions. Firstly, when trying to study the psychical endowments of 

 animals, we have to start from the study of their motions, as the only man- 

 ifestation of their mental constitutions (tyvx'h) which we can perceive. 

 Secondly, there are to be distinguished in animals two kinds of voluntary 

 motion, the subjective and the sympathetic. The latter furnish the prin- 

 cipal data for the study of the psychical rank; for every higher endowment 

 flows from the sympathy of one feeling and thinking being with another. 

 Sympathy is only a flowing forth of love, and love is the fountain of all 

 moral and intellectual beauty in man. 



ON THE MODE OF FORMATION OF SHELLS OF ANIMALS, BONE, ETC. 



Dr. George Rainey, of London, the Lecturer on Microscopic Anatomy at 

 St. Thomas's Hospital, has been recently instituting a series of experiments, 

 with a view of producing, by artificial means, structures analogous to, or 

 identical with, the shells of molluscs and crustaceans, and the bones of other 

 animals. The results he claims to have arrived at are given as follows: 



