ZOOLOGY. 379 



the Rotatoria, and Hydatlna and Notommata among the Infusoria, in which, 

 he observes, no gcrminative vesicle or dot has been seen, and no connection 

 with the ovary discovered. 



Parthenogenesis in the Aphides, according to this view, is reproduction by 

 buds, or gemmiparous reproduction, as distinct from sexual reproduction. It 

 is like leaf-budding, the flower-budding (or sexual developments) taking place 

 at longer intervals. 



The later investigations of some zoologists have been tending to the con- 

 clusion that even true eggs, or bodies having the structure of eggs in every 

 essential point, may be produced in some cases by females, and develop into 

 perfect individuals without the intervention of the male, and without any 

 proper hermaphroditism in the parent. The most important work that has 

 appeared on this subject is one on " Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees," by 

 C. T. E. von Siebold, of Munich, which has been translated in England by 

 "\V. S. Dallas. The author describes the raising of brood after brood of 

 young from some moths, without the recurrence of a single male; and in a 

 Psyche, the pupacase is filled with eggs before it is left; and in a Selonobia, 

 the animal, immediately after leaving the case, stuffs it full of eggs. The 

 main point in his work, and one of more questionable character, relates to 

 bees. He adopts the theory of a Silesian clergyman named Dzierzon, and 

 after farther elaborating it, sustains the view that " the queen-bee, which, 

 like all other female insects, receives the seminal fluid of the male in a pecu- 

 liar receptacle, there to be retained until it comes in contact with the egg 

 during its passage through the oviduct, possesses the power of permitting or 

 preventing this contact, so that the eggs may be deposited in the cells, either 

 fecundated or unfecundated, at the pleasure of the mother; and farther, that 

 from the fecundated eggs, female larves are produced, which become devel- 

 oped either into queens or workers, whilst the unfecundated eggs furnish the 

 larves of the drones or males." The following are some of the points of 

 evidence adduced in STipport of this remarkable theory, as given in a notice 

 of the work in the Annals and Magazine of Natural Histoiy : 



" It is now generally admitted, even by bee-keepers, that the queen only 

 copulates once, and that the supply of seminal fluid received at this time, 

 and stored up in the seminal receptacle, serves for the fecundation of the 

 immense number of eggs which she deposits during the period of her fer- 

 tility, extending over several years. Sometimes, however, the stock of sper- 

 matozoids appears to be exhausted before the life of the queen comes to a 

 close, and when this is the case she lays nothing but drone eggs, introducing 

 confusion into the wonderfully harmonious arrangements of the hive. This 

 was found to be the case also with a queen which had been exposed to se- 

 vere cold with a view of destroying the vitality of the spermatozoids; of 

 three queens thus treated, only one survived, and this afterwards laid noth- 

 ing but drone eggs. Another queen, whose abdomen had been injured so as 

 probably to displace the seminal receptacle, also produded drone-eggs exclu- 

 sively. Added to this, certain workers, which, as is well known, are merely 

 abortive females, destitute of copulative organs and of the seminal recepta- 

 cle, and therefore incapable of fecundation, are found to possess imperfectly 

 developed ovaries, which produce a very small number of eggs, and these, 

 when deposited in the cells, are said always to produce drones. For most of 

 these facts, von Siebold appears to be indebted to the apiarians Dzierzon and 

 von Berlepsch; but perhaps the most remarkable observations are those 

 made by himself, in the microscopic examination of a considerable number 



