THE MAN-LIKE APES. 53 



ever, or whether they are mere races, and how far any of 

 them are identical with the Sumatran Orang, as Mr. Wal- 

 lace thinks the Mias Pappan to be, are problems which 

 are at present undecided ; and the variability of these 

 great apes is so extensive, that the settlement of the ques- 

 tion is a matter of great difficulty. Of the form called 

 " Mias Pappan," Mr. Wallace* observes, " It is known 

 by its large size, and by the lateral expansion of the face 

 into fatty protuberances or ridges, over the temporal mus- 

 cles, which have been mis-termed callosities, as they are 

 perfectly soft, smooth, and flexible. Five of this form, 

 measured by me, varied only from 4 feet 1 inch to 4 feet 

 2 inches in height, from the heel to the crown of the head, 

 the girth of the body from 3 feet to 3 feet 7i inches, and 

 the extent of the outstretched arms from 7 feet 2 inches to 

 7 feet 6 inches ; the width of the face from 10 to 13 J 

 inches. The colour and length of the hair varied in differ- 

 ent individuals, and in different parts of the same individ- 

 ual ; some possessed a rudimentary nail on the great toe, 

 others none at all ; but they otherwise present no external 

 differences on which to establish even varieties of a 

 species. 



Yet, when we examine the crania of these individuals, 

 we find remarkable differences of form, proportion, and 

 dimension, no two being exactly alike. The slope of the 

 profile, and the projection of the muzzle, together with 

 the size of the cranium, offer differences as decided as 

 those existing between the most strongly marked forms of 

 the Caucasian and African crania in the human species. 

 The orbits vary in width and height, the cranial ridge is 

 either single or double, either much or little developed, 

 and the zygomatic aperture varies considerably in size. 



* On the Orang-Utan, or Mias of Borneo, Annals of Natural History, 

 1856. 



