PREHISTORIC MAN 503 



headed, narrow-skulled, tall, large-boned type of man which in a broad 

 sense is called Cro-Magnon. But they fall into distinguishable groups. 



The Cro-Magnons proper (Fig. 31.17) lived chiefly in Spain and France. 

 They were tall and robust. Many of the men were over 6 feet in height. 

 As a whole they were long-headed, but some showed a tendency to round- 

 headedness. The Cro-Magnon face was short and wide, with wide jaw 

 and heavy chin, large coarse features, and eye orbits that were both wide 

 and low. Many present-day Scandinavians show a similar combination 

 of traits. In northwest Africa lived similar people, the Alfalou, also tall 

 and big-headed, but with broader skulls, wider noses, and heavier brow 

 ridges. From France eastward through central Europe to the Caspian 

 Sea the Cro-Magnon type was represented by the Combe-Capelle-Briinn 

 race — a shorter people, with narrower heads and faces, less prominent 

 chins, heavier brow ridges, and rounder eye orbits. People of Briinn type 

 can be seen today in parts of Ireland and Scandinavia. All of these Cro- 

 Magnon peoples seem to have been parts of the basic "White," or 

 Caucasoid, stock. Coon, a leading authority, attributes some of their 

 characteristics to hybridization with Neanderthalers, but others question 

 this interpretation. 



The early history of the "Black," or Negroid, race is still very obscure. 

 Its oldest examples were found not in Africa, but in a cave at Grimaldi 

 on the Italian Riviera. Here the skeletons of an old woman and a 16-year- 

 old boy were found buried close together. They apparently date from the 

 first interstadial of the fourth glacial age. The Grimaldians were small, 

 delicate-boned people, with long heads, broad noses, large protrusive 

 teeth, and notably long forearms and shin bones. These are features 

 most often found in Negroids, and the consensus of experts seems to be 

 that if the Grimaldians were not "Blacks," they at least show evidence 

 of Negroid admixture. They were unlike their European contemporaries 

 and would seem to have been strangers in a strange land. 



thetical dates for the glacial maxima and a 600,000-year time scale for the Pleistocene; 

 many authorities believe this epoch endured a million years. 



The evolution of stone tool types is diagramed at the right. The oldest implements are 

 the scarcely recognizable "eoliths" of the late Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. In later 

 cultural assemblages four basic tool types made by different techniques can be recognized. 

 One is the core-biface or "hand ax," a nodule of flint chipped on both faces to form an edge 

 all around. Tools of this tradition evolved from the crude Abbevillean to the finely worked 

 Late Acheulian implements. A second type is the flake tool, made from a flake struck from a 

 flint core. This also evolved, from the crude Clactonian to the large, thin, well-made 

 Levalloisian implement. Some groups of people seem to have used chiefly the "hand ax," 

 others chiefly the flake, but mixtures of the two techniques are found in many cultural assem- 

 blages, as indicated by the connecting arrows. The stone tools of the Mousterian assemblages 

 found with Neanderthal man show such a mingling of techniques. Chopper tools are a third 

 basic type, unknown in Europe but characteristic of early cultural assemblages in the Far 

 East, and associated with Peking man. The fourth basic type is the blade tool (Fig. 31.18), a 

 long parallel-sided flake struck from a flint core at a single blow and then worked into a 

 variety of forms. Blades appeared late in Paleolithic times, and spread into Europe with 

 Homo sapiens during the Fourth Glacial Age. 



