512 



THE CHANGING GENERATIONS 



we can determine the mean values, range of variation, and incidence of 

 particular phenotypic traits in each population. This is a method roughly 

 comparable to but far less precise than the determination of gene fre- 

 quencies in populations. 



One thing we must always remember in racial analysis is that we are 

 dealing with groups of people — with populations — and not with individ- 

 uals. In the past it was often the practice to set up an ideal racial type 



HAIRINESS 



HEAD FORM 



STRAIGHT 



WAVY 



CURLY 



WOOLLY AND 

 FRIZZLY 



KINKY OR 



"PEPPERCORN 



PALE 



© OLIVE OR BRUNEI 



© LIGHT BROWN 



©YELLOWISH TO 

 BROWN 



DARK BROWN TO 

 BROWN BLACK 



Atanaa&HcU 



Fig. 31.1. Diagram to show head form, pigmentation, and amount and texture of hair in the 

 principal groups and races of mankind, with the probable derivation of some of the races. 



and to determine the race of individuals by comparison with a series of 

 such types. Now we recognize that the most aberrant individual is as much 

 a member of his population as is the most typical; that the characteristics of 

 a population are the sum of those of the individuals composing it. 



Without going into unnecessary detail, let us review some of the more important 

 traits used in the morphological classification of races. Hair may be straight, 

 wavy, woolly, or kinky ("peppercorn"); the differences seem to be strictly gene- 

 controlled (Fig. 22.1). Hairiness is another important trait. Amount of beard, 

 distribution and amount of axillary and pubic hair, and downiness of the body 



