THE HUMAN SPECIES 



517 



The Alpine race is the most recent of the "White" races. It apparently arose 

 by change of long-headed populations of Mediterranean ancestry to round-headed 

 ones, over an area stretching from central Europe far into interior Asia. The causes 

 of the change are still unknown, but its occurrence seems amply demonstrated. 

 Among Alpine peoples the head averages short, approaching a globular form, and 

 the face tends to be broad, short, and rounded, with slightly infantile features. 

 The forehead and nose are usually rather broad, the jaw often squarish. The skin 

 is blond to brunet and commonly intermediate in shade; the eyes are usually 

 brown; the hair is dark and abundant, oftener straight than wavy, and the beard 

 is heavy. Most Alpines are short or of medium height, thickset, with heavy neck, 

 broad shoulders, deep chest, thick waist, and short thick arms and legs. This race 

 dominates the highland and forest regions of the central core of Europe and in- 

 fluences the adjacent lowland popula- 

 tions. It includes most Bavarians and 

 Frenchmen, many Swiss, Czechs, 

 northern Italians, southern Slavs and 

 Russians, and most Turks. Eastward it 

 intergrades with Mongoloid peoples in 

 central Asia. 



The Dinaric race may, like the 

 Alpine, have arisen through change 

 of long-headed to short-headed popula- 

 tions, as Howells thinks, or it may 

 have resulted from mixture of Alpines 

 and Mediterraneans, as postulated by 

 Coon and Hooton. At any rate the 

 Dinaric race differs from the short- 

 headed Alpine race in various respects. 

 The head is short but very flat behind 

 and the forehead slants up to a short, 

 high, posteriorly situated crown. The 

 foramen magnum and ears tend to 

 be placed farther back than usual. The face averages large and long with rather 

 prominent cheek bones, full lips of which the lower is often everted, and a large, 

 narrow, high-bridged nose that is high at the root. The skin color is olive to brunet, 

 the eyes are usually brown, and the hair is dark, abundant, and generally wavy 

 but sometimes straight or curly. The typical Dinarics who live in the Balkans 

 and around the Adriatic Sea are rather tall, heavy-jawed, and straight-nosed, and 

 sometimes have blue eyes. From Asia Minor to northern Iran occurs the Armenoid 

 subrace, a shorter people many of whom have a more specialized nose, convex in 

 profile, the tip thick and depressed, the "wings" characteristically recurved, and 

 often without any notch at the junction with the forehead. Such noses were 

 characteristic of the ancient Hittites, as shown in contemporary sculpture. 



The Ainu race appears to be an isolated branch of the "White" stock which 

 once occupied all of Japan but was driven into the northern islands by the invad- 

 ing Japanese. How these "Whites" got so far from their relatives is a mystery 

 which some seek to resolve by denying their relationship to other Caucasoids. 



Fig. 31.3. An Ainu from Hokkaido, Japan. 

 (Courtesy Chicago Natural History Museum.) 



