THE HUMAN SPECIES 



519 



"specialized Mongoloids," and thinks they are a recent regional modification 

 comparable in origin to the Alpines. Hooton vigorously dissents from this view. 

 He considers them an old, strongly differentiated race which has produced most 

 of the less distinctive Mongoloid races by hybridization with other groups of 

 people. 



The arctic Mongoloid race differs from the classic Mongoloid in being long- 

 headed, with a somewhat roof-shaped cranium, very broad and very long face 

 with exaggeratedly jutting cheek bones and a rather narrow nose, and much less 

 frequent development of the complete Mongoloid eyelid fold. This race, also 

 called the Eskimoid, includes the Eskimo of North America and various tribes 

 of extreme northeastern Siberia. 



All other Mongoloids lack the extreme "specializations" just described, and 

 are generalized by contrast. This does not mean that they are all alike. Some 



Fig. 31.5. "Specialized" Mongoloid types. Left to right: an Eskimo man, modeled by 

 Malvina Hoffman; a Manchu from Peking, China; a Buriat Mongol woman from eastern 

 Siberia. {Courtesy Chicago Natural History Museum.) 



groups are round-headed, some long-headed; some are tall and robust, others 

 small and delicate; skin color varies from yellowish to yellow-brown. Before 

 taking up the populations that constitute distinguishable races, let us pay our 

 respects to the Japanese and Chinese, who together make up a large fraction 

 of mankind and yet about whom we actually know very little. 



The Chinese are a mixture of Mongoloid races. They vary tremendously in 

 type, from tall to short, and from long-headed to round-headed. Not much can 

 be said about them that would apply to all. The classic Mongoloid type is com- 

 mon in the north and becomes less numerous southward. A southward diminution 

 in average size also is notable. Many southern Chinese are small and delicately 

 built, with less flattened faces and "finer" features than the northerners. In these 

 respects they show an approach to the Indonesian-Malay race that occurs still 

 farther south. 



The Japanese came to their islands as invaders from Korea not long before the 

 Christian era, and drove the aboriginal Ainus northward. The newcomers seem 

 to have included both classic and other Mongoloid types, and many modern 

 Japanese are indistinguishable from mainland people. Other Japanese, however, 



