THE HUMAN SPECIES 521 



this group are smaller and slighter than the Mongols, brown-skinned, and of vari- 

 able head form. Two subraces can be distinguished, evidently representing two 

 migration waves. The older Indonesians are less strongly Mongoloid and have 

 longer heads, narrower noses, and slightly wavy hair. They probably contain 

 Mediterranean and some Negrito genetic elements. This subrace includes relict 

 groups in southeastern Asia, and tribes in the mountainous interiors of the islands. 

 Everywhere in Indonesia the older peoples have retreated before the Malays, a 

 broad-headed, straight-haired, flat-nosed, yellower-skinned group of much more 

 Mongoloid appearance, which occupies the coasts and fertile lowlands. 



The American Indian race, the third great arm of Mongoloid populations, 

 stretches, via Bering Straits, to America, and includes all the aboriginal peoples 

 of the New World. The American Indians (who despite popular legend are not 

 "redskins") all have dark hair and eyes, medium brown skins, little or no hair 

 on face and body, and straight or rarely wavy hair on the head. All have large, 

 broad faces with high cheek bones. These are Mongoloid traits which give the 

 Indians a deceptive appearance of uniformity. Actually there is as much variation' 

 as among the "Whites" — in stature, head form, shape of nose, and other charac- 

 teristics. Almost every American Indian type has a close counterpart somewhere 

 among the Mongols or Indonesians. 



Howells places the American Indians among his "generalized" Mongoloids. 

 Hooton regards them as a composite race, predominantly Mongoloid but with 

 "White" and Australoid and possibly a trace of Negrito in the mixture. But 

 Boyd and Coon rank them as one of the primary groups, largely on the basis of 

 the blood-group genes. Boyd defines this group as possessing varying (sometimes 

 high, sometimes zero) incidence of A h no A 2, probably no B or rh, low N, and 

 Rh z present. 



The eastern woodland Indians of North America were tall, with long, high 

 skulls and narrow, straight noses — in appearance quite like some of the darker 

 skinned Europeans. The Plains Indians were more varied but on the whole were 

 tall, with wide cheek bones and narrow, high, hawklike noses. The many tribes 

 of western North America including Mexico were more nondescript but prevail- 

 ingly short and round-headed, with variously shaped but never high-bridged 

 noses. Such people form the bulk of the Mexican and Guatemalan populations 

 today. The Mayas of Central America are quite different, with a large, long face, 

 high convex nose, prominent upper lip, and large heavy-lidded eyes. In South 

 America the Indians of the Andes and West Coast are again mostly round-headed 

 and nondescript in type. Those of the Amazon Basin are more varied, some being 

 short people with flat faces and frequent Mongoloid, folds, while others are longer- 

 headed and more like the eastern long-heads of North America, with wavy hair 

 and features resembling those of Europeans. 



The antiquity of man in America has long been a moot question. In the absence 

 of clear evidence it used to be assumed that he first arrived only a few thousand 

 years ago. Most anthropologists were dissatisfied with this conclusion, since it 

 required them to believe either that the American Indians had differentiated with 

 extraordinary rapidity in their new home, or that a succession of already different 

 ■racial -groups had found their way here. An increasing body of archeological 

 evidence supporting a greater antiquity has been greatly strengthened by Cm 



