THE HUMAN SPECIES 537 



out on the margins, in Scandinavia, Britain, and France. In Africa the 

 oldest race, the Bushmen, are crowded into an inhospitable desert near 

 the tip. The Australoids are out at another dead end. Even America, the 

 most recently occupied part of the world, contains people of Mongoloid 

 ancestry who seem more primitive than the Mongoloids now living in 

 eastern Asia. 



We know that Neanderthaloids once held all Europe and northern 

 Africa, that they were replaced by Paleolithic "Whites" apparently 

 coming from the east, and that these in turn were displaced by the 

 Neolithic Mediterraneans. We also believe that Bushmen once occurred 

 over most of East and South Africa, and that Australoids were ip 

 India and Java and doubtless all through southern Asia. Everywhere the 

 picture is the same. Older peoples, more primitive in culture and often in 

 physical type, have been displaced toward the peripheries by later 

 peoples, spreading from the general direction of Asia. 



This is the basic pattern of human distribution. The great migration 

 waves that followed the Neolithic and industrial revolutions have modi- 

 fied but not erased it. The Neolithic peoples spread over the lands, forcing 

 the earlier peoples back when they did not absorb them. They also had 

 boats, and so were able to move rapidly along coast lines and to islands, 

 thus leapfrogging beyond the older peoples. The industrial revolution 

 made Europe the center of culture and population growth, and from this 

 center the "Whites" have spread out to all parts of the world during the 

 past 500 years. As we have seen, they went especially to the peripheral 

 regions, thinly held by peoples with Neolithic or more primitive cultures. 

 Lesser but significant transplantations of Negroids and Mongoloids have 

 also occurred. 



Turning now to the individual groups, the Caucasoids or "Whites" 

 apparently became differentiated in southwestern Asia at a time when 

 Neanderthalers held all the lands to the north and west. By mid-Pleisto- 

 cene times some of the "Whites" had penetrated into Europe and North 

 Africa, and during the fourth glacial stage they took over those lands 

 completely. They also spread into central Asia and China (perhaps ex- 

 plaining the Ainus and Polynesians), and into India to mix with the 

 earlier dark-skinned inhabitants. 



The Mongoloids seem to have formed east of the "Whites" and north 

 of the Asiatic highlands. Northern Asia was probably full of generalized 

 Mongoloids at the time when some of them crossed to America, and the 

 marginal types of American Indians may show fairly well what these early 

 Mongoloids were like. Their resemblance to the older "White" long 

 heads suggests a common origin and a time when there were no Cauca- 

 soids and Mongoloids but only a lighter skinned group of people in the 

 north, distinct from darker skinned peoples in the south. 



