APPENDIX A 



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flowers — the Juglandaceae with the walnuts, hickories and pecans; the Salicaceae 

 with the willows and aspens; the Fagaceae with the oaks, beeches and chestnuts; 

 the Betulaceae with the birches and alders; the Ulmaceae with the elms and 

 hackberries; and the Aceraceae with the maples. Only a few of the larger families 

 can be mentioned. 



The Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) includes herbs that have five petals, 

 numerous stamens and numerous separate pistils; it includes such well-known 

 plants as clematis, anemone, hepatica, marsh marigold, peony, larkspur, and 

 columbine. In many of the cultivated species, so-called "double" flowers have 

 been produced by transformation of stamens and pistils into petals. 



Fig. A. 26. Extremes of flower form among the dicots. Left, the male catkin or anient of 

 willow, Salix. The imperfect staminate and pistillate catkins are borne on different plants, 

 making the willows dioecious. The flowers are wind-pollinated. Center, the perfect and 

 complete but simple flowers of the spring beauty, Claytonia virginica. This is a regular but 

 unsymmetrical flower, with two sepals, five petals, five stamens, and three-celled ovary. 

 Right, the perfect, complete, and complicated passion flower or maypop, Passiflora. This 

 has five sepals united into a calyx throat crowned with a double or triple fringe, five petals 

 attached to the calyx throat, stamen filaments united into a tube that sheathes the long 

 stalk of the ovary but separate above, and a one-celled ovary with three or four club- 

 shaped styles. (Photos by Prof. E. B. Mains.) 



The Cruciferae (mustard family) includes plants with a pungent taste and 

 with four sepals, four petals in a single circle, four long and two short stamens, and 

 two pistils. Included in this family are stock, water cress, horse-radish, mustard, 

 cabbage, turnip, and radish. 



The Rosaceae (rose family) includes many useful as well as beautiful plants, 

 among which are roses, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches, apricots, 

 plums, cherries, apples, pears, and quinces. 



The Leguminosae (legumes) is the largest family of Series I. It is characterized 

 by irregular flowers (which are highly adapted, like those of orchids, to insect 

 pollination) and by the ripening of the ovary into the well-known "pod." The 

 legumes include such plants as sweet pea, wisteria, lupine, sensitive plant, locust, 

 honey locust, coffee tree, clover, alfalfa, Crotalaria, beans and peas, peanuts, and 

 acacias, as well as many tropical trees. 



The Umbelliferae, in which the flowers form distinctive clusters (Fig. 17A2G, H), 

 is the most advanced family of the series. Examples are carrot, celery, and parsnip. 



