654 



APPENDIX B 



some of which are sometimes called damsel flies (Odonata) ; the mayflies (Ephe- 

 meroptera) ; the biting lice (Mallophaga) ; the sucking lice (Anoplura) ; the book 

 lice (Corrodentia) ; the true bugs (Hemiptera) ; the cicadas, aphids or plant lice, 

 scale insects, tree hoppers, white flies, etc. (Homoptera); and the thrips 

 (Thysanoptera). 



The higher insects (Holometabola, or Endopterygota) show a sudden meta- 

 morphosis which takes place in the stage just preceding maturity. The young 



Fig. B.23. Representative higher insects (except A). A, a stone fly, Plecoptera. B, an ant 

 lion, Neuroptera, adult of the doodlebug (ant lion larva) that digs pit traps in powdery soil. 

 C, a ground beetle, Coleoptera. D, a caddis fly, Trichoptera; the aquatic larvae of this group 

 make cases of sticks or pebbles. E, the tiger swallowtail butterfly, Lepidoptera. F, the house 

 fly, Diptera. G, a flea, Siphonaptera. H, a bumblebee, Hymenoptera. {Modified from Turtox 

 chart, courtesy General Biological Supply House, Inc.) 



Fig. B.24. Insect parasites of mammals. Left, the body louse, Pediculus humanus, order 

 Anoplura; right, a flea, order Siphonaptera. (Courtesy of Ward's Natural Science Establish- 

 ment, Inc.) 



stages are larvae without compound eyes and without external signs of wings; 

 there is a pupal stage in the life history in which the larva takes on the adult form 

 and in which the wings are everted from their internal position. The larvae are 

 very different in form and in mode of life from the adults. There are at least 

 ten orders of this group. It includes the scorpion flies (Mecoptera); the dobson 

 flies (Megaloptera); the antlions, or "doodle bugs," and their allies (Neuroptera); 

 the caddis flies (Trichoptera) ; the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) ; the crane 

 flies, mosquitoes, midges, gnats, and other true flies (Diptera); the fleas (Si- 

 phonaptera); the beetles and weevils (Coleoptera); the stylopids, parasitic in 



