682 



INDEX 



Labyrinthodonts, 433, 631, 661; 432, 434 



Lactase, 68, 70 



Lactic acid in muscle, 44 



Lactose, 68, 70 



Lamarckism, 338, 343-344 



Lamellae of bone, 29; 28 



Land breeding, 438-439, 553; 594 



Land plants, 408-409 



Land vertebrates (tetrapods), 631-667 



adaptive features of, 438-439, 444-446, 

 546, 553 



origin of, 430-432 

 Larvae, 227, 230 



of acorn worm and echinoderms, 422 



of insects, 368; 367 



specializations of, 368; 367 

 Law or principle in science, 5 

 Leaf, 141, 166-168; 138, 166, 594 



of ferns, 198-199 



functioning of, 169-175 

 Leg, bones of, 36-38; 30 



modifications of, in primates, 471 

 in ungulates, 464-466 



origin of, 430-432, 594; 433 

 Leg position in tetrapods, 441, 444, 457 

 Lemurs, 471, 473, 666; 485 

 Lens of eye, 110; 111 

 Lepidodendron, 412, 614; 411, 616 

 Leptotene, 216; 217 

 Lethal genes, 302-304 

 Leucocytes, 82; 20 

 Levels of organization in animals, 178- 



184 

 Lichens, 201, 568-569, 607 

 Liebig's law of the minimum, 566 

 Life, characteristics of, 13-15, 593 



origin of, 209, 399-401 



variety of, 329-330, 593 

 Ligaments, 27, 29 

 Lignin, 159 



Limb buds, 240; 238, 251, 364 

 Linkage and linkage groups of genes, 299; 



300 

 Linnaeus and binomial nomenclature, 374 

 Lipase, 66, 70, 174, 175 

 Liver, 70, 80, 131; 25, 69, 185 

 Liverworts, 196-197, 409, 608-610 

 Lizards, 443, 631, 661; 356, 662 

 Lobe-finned fishes, 428-432, 630, 659; 438 

 Locomotion and the medium, 546-547 

 Locomotor system, 24, 27-46 

 Locus (loci) of genes, 299-301 

 Lungfishes, 428-430, 630, 658; 431 

 Lungs, 74, 189, 548; 75, 89, 185, 594 



in fishes, 429-432 



in invertebrates, 189, 548 



Luteotrophin, 129, 248, 253 



Lymph, 88 



Lymphatic system, 88-92; 71, 94 



M 



Macro- vs. microevolution, 353 



Macula lutea, 112, 472, 474 



Maidenhair trees, 414-415, 598 



Malay subrace, 521; 520 



Malleus, 114, 457; 118 



Malpighian corpuscle, 78; 79 



Malpighian layer of skin, 49; 50 



Maltase, 65, 68, 70, 175 



Maltose, 173, 175 



Mammal-like reptiles, 458-459, 631 



Mammals, 456-464, 632, 664-667; 594 



egg-laying, 459, 632, 664 



herbivorous and carnivorous, 463 



hoofed, 464-465 



marsupial, 460-461, 666; 462 



origin and history of, 456-465 



placental, 462-464, 666-667 



reptilian ancestors of, 458-459, 631 



true, 632, 666-667 

 Mammary glands, 253, 457, 460, 462, 471 

 Man (Homo) ancestry of, 482-487 



antiquity of, in America, 521-522 



characteristics of, 482-483; 484, 494- 

 497 



cultural evolution of, 528-536 



as ecological agent, 590-591 



emergence of, 529; 530 



evolution of, 488, 493-508 



fossil, 493-506 



heredity in, 318-325 



modern (see Homo sapiens) 



neanthropic and paleanthropic, 494 



place of, in nature, 1, 587-591 



relation of, to other primates, 370 



as a species, 507-538, 666 



(See also Homo) 

 Man-apes, 484-487, 666 

 Mankind, classification of, 508-528 



unity of, 507-508, 510 



world population of, 490 



zoogeography of, 536-538 

 Manlike apes, 477-482, 666; 483-485 

 Marchantia, 608-609 

 Marmosets, 475-476; 485 

 Marsupials, 460-461, 666; 462 



adaptive radiation of, 379, 461 

 Matrix, 29; 28 



Maturation of germ cells, 215-222 

 Mechanical support, and medium, 545- 

 546 



in plants, 159-160 

 Mediterranean race, 515-516; 512 



