276 THE CONTINUITY OF THE RACE 



c. Capsule — ovary composed of two or more carpels; opening when ripe 

 in one of three ways — along the line of junction of the carpels (azalea), 

 along the middle of each carpel (iris, lily), or by pores (poppy). 



d. Silique — ovary composed of two carpels, the sides of which split off at 

 maturity, leaving a persistent middle partition. Examples: mustard, 

 cabbage, turnip, radish, cauliflower. 



2. I ndehiscent fruits (not splitting open when ripe). 



a. Achene — one-seeded, the seed attached to the ovary wall at only one 

 point. Examples: buckwheat, sunflower, buttercup, ragweed. 



b. Caryopsis, or "grain" — one-seeded, the seed firmly united to the seed 

 coat on all sides. Examples: Wheat, corn, rice, barley, broom corn, 

 oats, and all other grasses. 



c. Samara, or "winged" fruits — one- or two-seeded, the ovary wall form- 

 ing a winglike outgrowth that extends about the seed. Examples: ash, 

 elm, maple. 



d. Schizocarp — carpels two or more, united during growth, splitting apart 

 but not opening at maturity. Examples: carrot, parsnip, parsley, 

 celery, mallow. 



e. Nut — a hard, one-seeded fruit, generally resulting from a compound 

 ovary. Examples: acorn, chestnut, hazelnut. Many so-called "nuts" 

 are seeds; others are achenes or the stones of drupes (see I, A, 2, above). 



II. Aggregate fruits, consisting of a number of enlarged ovaries, belonging to a single 

 flower and massed on or scattered over the surface of a single receptacle. The 

 separate ovaries are spoken of as fruitlets. Examples: raspberry (the fruitlets 

 are drupes and separate easily from the receptacle); blackberry (drupes, closely 

 attached to the receptacle) ; strawberry (achenes, on a fleshy receptacle that 

 consitutes most of the edible portion of the fruit) ; magnolia (conelike masses 

 of follicles). 

 III. Multiple fruits, consisting of the enlarged ovaries of several or many flowers more 

 or less coalesced into one mass. Examples: mulberry (achenes, each surrounded 

 by a fleshy, juicy calyx) ; fig (achenes, on the inner surface of an enlarged hollow 

 receptacle); pineapple (axial stem, with the fleshy receptacles and ovaries of 

 many sessile flowers fused together); sweet gum (many partly fused capsules) 



