Page 



EFFECTS OF GRAVEL REMOVAL ON AQUATIC BIOTA, 



L. L. Moulton 141 



INTRODUCTION 141 



METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 144 



METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS 145 



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 148 



MAJOR GRAVEL REMOVAL HABITAT ALTERATION 148 



EFFECTS OF HABITAT ALTERATION ON FISH POPULATIONS .... 167 



EFFECTS OF HABITAT ALTERATION ON AQUATIC 



MACRO INVERTEBRATES 198 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 209 



EFFECTS OF GRAVEL SCRAPING ON RIVERINE HABITATS 209 



EFFECTS OF INUNDATED PIT FORMATION ON THE 



ASSOCIATED RIVER BIOTA 211 



RECOMMENDATIONS 213 



REFERENCES 214 



EFFECTS OF GRAVEL REMOVAL ON TERRESTRIAL BIOTA, 



M. R. Joyce 215 



INTRODUCTION 215 



METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 218 



METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS 220 



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 222 



VEGETATIVE COMMUNITIES OF STUDY AREA FLOODPLAINS .... 222 

 VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY CHANGES AT GRAVEL REMOVAL 



SITES 225 



FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETATIVE RECOVERY RATE 241 



FAUNAL COMMUNITY CHANGES AT GRAVEL REMOVAL SITES .... 248 



FACTORS AFFECTING RECOVERY RATE OF FAUNAL COMMUNITIES . . 253 



PERMANENTLY PONDED SITES 254 



SIMILARITIES OF RESPONSE BETWEEN BIOTA AND STUDY 



SITE PARAMETERS 259 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 268 



VEGETATIVE REMOVAL 268 



MINING DEPTH AND LOCATION 268 



OVERBURDEN 269 



PERMANENTLY PONDED HABITATS 269 



RECOMMENDATIONS 270 



REFERENCES 271 



EFFECTS OF GRAVEL REMOVAL ON WATER QUALITY, 



L. L. Moulton 273 



INTRODUCTION 273 



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 276 



POST-MINING EFFECTS OF GRAVEL REMOVAL OPERATIONS .... 276 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 284 



REFERENCES 285 



IX 



