158 EVOLUTION. GENETICS, AND EUGENICS 



prehistoric man represents waves of migration from the greater 

 continent. 



Nevertheless the European record has enabled us to name and 

 define a number of distinct human species, and here the record of the 

 cultural evolution of man is also unusually complete. Hence Euro- 

 pean chronology is taken as a standard in describing discoveries from 

 any portion of the world. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



(Adapted from Osborn, 1915) 



Postglacial Time 25,000 years 



Upper Palaeolithic culture 

 Cro-Magnon man 



Fourth Glacial Stage (Wiirm, Wisconsin) 50,000 years 



Close of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Neanderthal man 



Third Interglacial Stage 150,000 years 



Beginning of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Piltdown and pre-Neanderthaloid men 

 Third Glacial Stage (Riss, lUinoian) 175,000 years 



Second Interglacial Stage 375,000 years 



Heidelberg man 



Second Glacial Stage (Mindel, Kansas) 400,000 years 



First Interglacial Stage 475,000 years 



Pithecanthropus, ape-man 

 First Glacial Stage (Giinz, Nebraskan) 500,000 years 



Pithecanthropus. — The Java ape-man, Pithecanthropus erectus 

 (Fig. 35) was discovered in Trinil, on the Solo or Bengawan 

 River in central Java, in 

 1894. The type consists of 

 a calvarium or skull cap, a 

 left thigh bone, and two 



upper molar teeth. The /y "^^ 



skull is characterized by its /"K 



limited capacity, about two- y"^ \ — -f ^^•s-' ~-vf> ^ — ' \ 

 thirds that of man ; and by U^^Or rr-^r^ I \^^..-s::l_> 



the low flat forehead and 'r'^^~^^ 

 beetling brows. Hence not 

 only was the brain limited 

 in its total size, but this ^^^- 35-^Skull of Java ape-man, Pithecan- 



was especially true of the '^'''^"' '''''"'■ ^^'"''' ^"^^' °^''' ^"^"''-^ 

 frontal lobes, which, as we have seen, are the seat of the higher intel- 

 lectual faculties. Thus, as Osborn says, although touch, taste, and 





