252 EVOLUTION, GENETICS, AND EUGENICS 



vigor and fertility of all organic beings; and secondly, that the cross- 

 ing of forms, which have been exposed to slightly different conditions 

 of life or which have varied, favors the size, vigor, and fertility of their 

 offspring. The facts given on the sterility of the illegitimate unions 

 of dimorphic and trimorphic plants and of their illegitimate progeny, 

 perhaps render it probable that some unknown bond in all cases con- 

 nects the degree of fertility of first unions with that of their offspring. 

 The consideration of these facts on dimorphism, as well as of the results 

 of reciprocal crosses, clearly leads to the conclusion that the primary 

 cause of the steriUty of crossed species is confined to differences in their 

 sexual elements. But why, in the case of distinct species, the sexual 

 elements should so generally have become more or less modified, lead- 

 ing to their mutual infertility, we do not know; but it seems to stand in 

 some close relation to species having been exposed for long periods of 

 time to nearly uniform conditions of life. 



It is not surprising that the diihculty in crossing any two species, 

 and the steriUty of their hybrid offspring, should in most cases corre- 

 spond, even if due to distinct causes: for both depend on the amount 

 of difference between the species which are crossed. Nor is it sur- 

 prising that the facihty of effecting a first cross, and the fertility of the 

 hybrids thus produced, and the capacity of being grafted together — 

 though this latter capacity evidently depends on widely different cir- 

 cumstances — should all run, to a certain extent, parallel with the 

 systematic affinity of the forms subjected to experiment; for system- 

 atic affinity includes resemblances of all kinds. 



First crosses between forms known to be varieties, or sufi&ciently 

 alike to be considered as varieties, and their mongrel offspring, are 

 very generally, but not, as is so often stated, invariably fertile. Nor 

 is this almost universal and perfect fertiUty surprising, when it is 

 remembered how liable we are to argue in a circle with respect to 

 varieties in a state of nature; and when we remember that the greater 

 number of varieties have been produced under domestication by the 

 selection of mere external differences, and that they have not been 

 long exposed to uniform conditions of Ufe. It should also be espe- 

 cially kept in mind that long-continued domestication tends to elimi- 

 nate sterility, and is therefore little likely to induce this same quahty. 

 Independently of the question of fertiHty, in all other respects there 

 is the closest general resemblance between hybrids and mongrels, 

 in their variability, in their power of absorbing each other by repeated 

 crosses, and in their inheritance of characters from both parent-forms. 



