Thus, just by examining the distribution of players on the map, one can begin 

 to develop a sense of the degree of polarization that is likely to evolve in 

 this case, especially since the polarization will be in terms of preferences 

 for outcome. Advocates and guardians are both, after all, driven by ideolog- 

 ical values that are opposite. The further out on the continuum an 

 organization is located, in either direction, the more extreme the behavior is 

 likely to be. The other most intense player is located in subquadrant J; 

 thus, it appears a broker will try to take charge. This particular broker 

 seems to lean slightly toward the advocate organizations in terms of goal 

 preferences. 



The third type of information generated by Mapum has to do with the 

 predicted roles associated with each organization. For each organization that 

 appears on the role map, a behavioral description is given according to the 

 subquadrant into which it falls. In the example above, the program would 

 provide the descriptions of expected behavioral patterns, taken from those 

 that appear in Appendix I and associated with a particular subquadrant. For 

 example, for an organization appearing in subquadrant A, the following would 

 be reported: 



A. MODERATE ADVOCATE-BROKER: Is protective of environmental and non- 

 economic values and will join forces with others to resist proposals 

 or projects that threaten those values. Will cooperate in efforts 

 to change the ways in which resources have been used and managed in 

 the past, and will contribute to crusading efforts initiated by 

 others on behalf of the environment. Will use scientific and tech- 

 nical data to support its position. Also prefers a negotiated 

 outcome, in which decisions are a result of bargaining among players. 

 Thus, it will not resist efforts to keep or push the conflict into 

 the distributive arena. Will be somewhat open to compromise. 



To fully understand a resource conflict, the analyst would examine all of the 

 behavioral descriptions reported, as well as the distribution of power among 

 the organizations . 



Fourth, are the numerical scores used to place the quadrant arcs on the 

 role map. These arcs (see Figure 9) serve to differentiate among role 

 intensities within the same quadrant. Intensity of role is a relative concept 

 within LIAM, rather than an absolute one, and depends on the location of the 

 players in the four quadrants vis-a-vis each other and the point of origin on 

 the map. If only one organization falls within a quadrant, for example, the 

 arc is drawn in an absolute sense, and is placed exactly in the middle of the 

 quadrant by the computer. This information is reported primarily for those 

 who are interested in calculating the arc locations by hand, for purposes of 

 comparison with the computer's output; these numbers also allow the analyst to 

 get a better sense of the manner in which the arcs are calculated and drawn on 

 the behavioral map. For example, in Figure 9, seven organizations appear in 

 the lower right hand quadrant. The arc for that quadrant was calculated as a 

 numerical function of the distance of each of the seven organizations from the 

 center of the diagram. The seven distances were added, and the sum divided by 

 seven. The arc was plotted at that point by the computer. Three of these 



57 



