Chapter 9 (Continued) 



DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES 9-4 



Spruce-Fir 9-4 



Wkite Pine-Iiemlock-Hardwood 9-6 



Beech-Birch-Maple 9-8 



SUCCESSION OF FOREST SYSTEMS 9-8 



Secondary Succession 9-11 



BIOTA 9-12 



Primary Producers 9-13 



Forest biomass 9-13 



Primary productivity 9-16 



Decomposers and Consumers 9-20 



Decomposers 9-20 



Rate of decomposition 9-20 



Consumers 9-20 



ABIOTA 9-24 



Solar radiation 9-24 



Temperature 9-2 5 



Wind 9-25 



Water 9-25 



Soils 9-26 



BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 9-27 



PERTURBATIONS 9-29 



Effects of Logging 9-30 



Effects of Fire 9-32 



INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SYSTEMS 9-33 



IMPORTANCE TO HUMANITY 9-34 



RESEARCH NEEDS 9-35 



REFERENCES 9-36 



CHAPTER 10: AGRICULTURAL AND DEVELOPED LANDS 10-1 



AGRICULTURAL LANDS 10-1 



Plants and Animals 10-4 



Abiotic Factors 10-5 



Problems Associated with Agricultural Lands 10-6 



DEVELOPED LANDS 10-6 



Biota 10-7 



Abiotic Features 10-7 



Problems Associated with Developed Areas 10-9 



OLDFIELDS 10-10 



Succession 10-10 



Plants and Animals 10-11 



MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 1 0-11 



RESEARCH NEEDS 10-13 



REFERENCES 10-14 



Volume 3 



CHAPTER 11 

 CHAPTER 12 

 CHAPTER 13 

 CHAPTER 14 



FISHES 11-1 



COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT INVERTEBRATES 12-1 



MARINE MAMMALS 13-1 



WATERBIRDS 14-1 



Vll 



