Export 



Detritus 



Import 

 detritus 

 dissolved 

 nutrients 

 plankton etc. 



Epipsammon 

 Above sand 



T 



Endopsammon 



T 



Mesopsammon 



Shorebirds and fish 



Infauna 



Fauna and flora living 

 between sand grains 



Figure A-31. Relations among the major biotic components of the sand 

 beach class (adapted from Odum et al. 1974). 



4-99 



10-80 



