these commercial harvests and expenditures is about $51.8 million in mid-1970 

 dollars (Jaworski and Raphael spent little effort in adjusting for inflation). 



For the various types of economic activities, the per acre expenditure 

 values used to calculate the summary value are: (1) $286 per acre per year for 

 sport fishing, (2) $134 per acre per year for nonconsumptive recreation 

 activities, and (3) $31 per acre per year for migratory waterfowl hunting. Two 

 commercial harvest values lie behind the summary value, $30 per acre per year 

 for furbearing mammals and $3.78 per acre per year for the commercial fish 

 harvest. 



The inclusion of the per acre annual tertiary treatment benefits might have 

 boosted the summary value of the total output estimate to over $3,000. However, 

 the inclusion of the tertiary benefits value would be equivalent to adding apples 

 and oranges, since it would presumably be a net benefits value, not a gross 

 expenditure figure or receipts estimate. Also, the tertiary activity and the 

 other activities are substitutes in production. 



27. Johnson, R.L. 1978. Timber harvests from wetlands. Pages 598-605 in P. E. 

 Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark, eds. Wetlands functions and values: 

 the state of our understanding. Proceedings of a national symposium on 

 wetlands. Various Federal agencies and the American Water Resources 

 Association, Minneapolis, MN. 



Johnson defines wetland forests as those that occur in river bottoms and 

 are subject to periodic flooding, or as those that are in bogs or swamps where 

 the water table is near or above the land surface. The discussion is limited 

 to commercial forests and timber stands. There are about 82 million acres of 

 commercial wetland forests in the contiguous 48 States of the U.S. Three-fourths 

 of the acreage is east of the Rockies, and two-thirds supports deciduous species. 

 The most extensive and commercially significant stands occur in what may be 

 called the oak-gum-cypress (30 million acres) forest type and the elm-ash- 

 cottonwood (25 million acres) forest type. Little is known at present about 

 these two forest types in the Northeast. 



In the Southeast, these forest types are found under four distinct types 

 of conditions: (1) well-drained stream margins, (2) swamps, bays, and wet 

 pocosins (large, poorly drained depressions that often have peat soils), (3) 

 flatwoods and dry pocosins (both terms describe large, level, sandy areas that 

 are wet in winter and dry from late spring to fall), and (4) cypress ponds and 

 river channels. Johnson estimates the average stumpage value of an acre of 

 wetland forest to be about $250. Thus the value of the 32 million acres of 

 Southern wetland forest has a total stumpage value of $8 billion (1978 dollars). 

 However, dollar yields vary sharply with harvest costs and the quality of the 

 timber stands. In deep swamps, even high quality stands have little value; high 

 quality stands with desirable species in shallow swamps could be worth $1,500 

 per thousand board feet of stumpage. In 1978 prices, the best stands are 

 increasing in value at the rate of $50.00 per acre per annum from growth in 

 merchantable volume. 



27 



