shark, one of the species known to be dangerous to man (and, probably, 

 porpoises) was introduced, the porpoise exhibited flight behavior and 

 refused to respond to any commands (Irvine, et al., 1973). While not 

 conclusive and providing little optimism for development of a porpoise 

 anti-shark system the experiment raised the intriguing question of what 

 sensory cues were used by the porpoise in distinguishing two rather similar 

 species of carcharhinid shark. 



d. Principal Recommendations 



1) The establishment and maintenance of an effective reporting system 

 for shark incidents. 



2) Re-establishment of the Shark Attack File with its attendant 

 function of analysis and reporting. 



3) Dissemination of information regarding need for treatment at 

 the recovery site of shock and trauma of shark-attack injury. 



4) Incorporation of current and accurate information in training 

 programs and training aids. 



5) Discontinuance of purchase of Shark Chaser by DoD. 



6) Objective assessment of proposed deterrents with consideration to 

 R&D and operational requirements. 



2. Nature and Significance of Hazard to Moored Systems * 



a. Introduction 



Deployment of moored systems for the collection of oceanographic, 

 meteorological, or surveillance data over extended periods of time has 

 prompted an investigation of factors responsible for equipment loss within 

 the rated life of moorings, which could not be attributed to hydrodynamic 

 forces or encounter with surface craft or submersibles. 



b. Discussion 



Evidence accumulated from a comprehensive review of the limited 

 literature reveals that sharks, including the oceanic whitetip Carcharhinus 

 longimanus , mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus and blue shark Prionace glauca 

 are incriminated in the biting and slashing of deep-sea moorings (Starkey, 

 1974; Stimson and Prindle, 1967). This has been verified by dental im- 

 pressions and recovery of tooth fragments from various types of plastic 

 cable armor to depths of approximately 1500 feet. Histograms of biting 

 recorded on experimental moorings in Atlantic waters near Bermuda indicated 

 that bites occurred with greatest frequency near the permanent thermocline 

 (Turner and Prindle, 1967). Apparently, "fishbite" on mooring lines and 

 cables is less of a problem in the Pacific, although detailed evidence is 

 lacking. 



*This material was prepared by Roland J. Starkey, Jr., Environmental and 

 Ocean Science Laboratory, General Electric Company, who was unable to attend 

 the workshop. 



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