230 EDWARD W. BERRY 



out the old world for so many centuries. Nuts are found under 

 the Swiss lake dwellings of the Neolithic period. Our two eastern 

 American species are equally royal trees. The black walnut, 

 Juglans nigra Linne ranges from Massachusetts to southern 

 Ontario, Minnesota and eastern Kansas and southward to Florida 

 and Texas. Its rich edible fruits and handsome dark wood 

 have made it a favorite wherever furniture is manufactured 

 and in consequence the tree is becoming scarce. It makes a 

 fine growth when planted abroad and undoubtedly was a native 

 of Europe in pre-glacial time, as is shown by nuts preserved in 

 the Pliocene deposits of that country, which are indistinguishable 

 from the existing species. The butternut or white walnut, Jug- 

 lans cinerea Linne yields a wood that is much inferior to the 

 black walnut, but its fruit is equally attractive. It ranges some- 

 what further to the northward and not so far to the southward 

 as the black walnut, being found from New Brunswick and 

 Ontario to North Dakota and southward to Delaware. In the 

 Alleghanian region it extends southward to Georgia and north- 

 eastern Mississippi and it is also found in Arkansas. It is dis- 

 tinctly not a coastal plain species. Like the black walnut it 

 is very closely allied to certain pre-glacial European forms. There 

 are several other American species with a more limited range. 

 They are all trees, and include a Jamaican form and one or two 

 species found in the Andes of Bolivia. A species of Northern 

 Mexico, Juglans rupestris Engelmann, extends into Arizona, 

 New Mexico and the Rio Grande part of Texas and there is a 

 single species Juglans calif ornica Watson along the Pacific Coast 

 in California. The range of the latter is limited and its seedlings 

 are scarce, the nuts being largely consumed by rodents. There 

 is also a species of walnut on the opposite shore of the Pacific 

 in Manchuria. 



The genus Juglans is apparently one of the earliest of the still 

 existing dicotyledonous genera to appear in the fossil record, 

 leaves suggesting it having been found in the middle Cretaceous. 

 It is well represented in fossil flora from the base of the upper 

 Cretaceous to the present, the former horizon furnishing at least 

 seven species, one of which, Juglans arctica Heer ranges from 



