122 The Ohio Journal of Science [Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 



Finally the bud does another "three-step" forming a united 

 tricarpellary gynecium, but here again the third stigma on the 

 outside in the bilateral plane is suppressed. All three stigmas 

 are usually present in Arundinaria and other bamboos. At the 

 same time the incept of the gynecium has set up in its cells a 

 sexual state just the opposite from that of the andrecium 

 immediately below although so far as any one knows and so 

 far as the evidence goes these cells have received exactly the 

 same hereditary units as have those of the leaves, the glumes, 

 the lodicules, and the stamens. But in some way a new 

 physiological state has been established which causes the 

 heredity to give rise to a new morphological expression along 

 with femaleness. 



At each whorl there is a difference in hereditary expression, a 

 change in the activity and . latency of numerous hereditary 

 factors. This change in activity and latency, the writer 

 believes is due to changes in physiological state of the tissues 

 involved, whether chemical or otherwise. The progressive 

 changes of morphological expression in a vegetative tissue do 

 not find their explanation in any Mendelian formulae. Mendelian 

 ratios, segregations and associations have no direct bearing 

 on the problem. Just as these profound changes in the veg- 

 etative development are brought about by some state in the 

 cells which influence the hereditary activity, so essentially 

 similar changes in physiological activity bring about sexual 

 expressions, causing the cells or tissues to give rise to male or 

 female morphological structures with their accompanying 

 sexual activities. 



It may be that in some cases physiological states or 

 hereditary factors may arise in an allosome or special chromo- 

 some which may assist in retaining and intensifying a male 

 or female state already established, but so far as the writer 

 can see the animal kingdom presents the same problems of 

 changes in sexual states in common tissues as does the plant 

 kingdom. The lower animals are hermaphrodites and the 

 higher unisexual forms are after all only modified hermaphro- 

 dites. Sex-limited and sex-linked transmission can readily be 

 explained without postulating a sex-determining allosome, 

 with no more complexity of hypotheses than if such mendelizing 

 units are assumed. And it must always be kept in mind that 

 with the assumption of sex-determining chromosomes the greater 



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