180 The Ohio Joimial of Scie?ice [Vol. XVIII, No. 6, 



Mik (1882) described and worked out several important 

 stages in the life history of Gonatopiis pilosus Thorns, showing 

 the true nature of the parasite to the host and disproving 

 the hyperparasite theory. Giard (1889) noticed and described 

 the dryinid sacs attached to Erythroneura hypocastani in France 

 and remarked upon the sac-like structure believing it to be a 

 "true animal gall produced on an arthropod by another arthro- 

 pod." In a later article in this same year he succeeded in 

 rearing the adult parasite which proved to be Aphelopus 

 melaleuciis Dalm. He noticed the similarity of his own observa- 

 tions with regard to the hosts and life history with those of 

 Perris (1857) and Mik (1882) and concluded that as a group 

 the AnteonincB were generally parasitic on the {JassidcE) Cicadel- 

 lidcE. Giard also noticed certain secondary sexual modifications 

 on the host caused by the parasite and that the hoppers were 

 castrated. 



Swezey (1903) reared both sexes of two dryinids from leaf- 

 hoppers and these were identified by Ashmead. He was thus 

 the first one to associate the males of the more highly specialized 

 apterous females and his true interpretation of the so-called 

 genus Labeo in connection with these marks an important step 

 in the knowledge of these insects. 



Perkins (1905) gave a detailed account of the biology and 

 life history of the AnteonincB, together with descriptions of a 

 large number of genera and species new to science, he having 

 further divided the old genus Gonatopiis into a number of dis- 

 tinct genera based on more exact structures than the general 

 body form. He also gave an extended host list and the next 

 year supplemented this with new additions from Arizona. 



Kieffer (1907) summarized the knowledge of the group to 

 that year in a work that was primarily systematic and later 

 (1914) monographed the group under the Bethylidce. Perkins 

 (1912) in reviewing Kieffer' s first paper added a number of new 

 species, publishing four excellent plates figuring a number of 

 typical AnteonincE. 



Keilin and Thompson (1915) worked out some very impor- 

 tant points in the biology of Aphelopus melaleuciis Dalm., 

 especially with regard to the very early stages and the pro- 

 duction and development of the peculiar hypertrophied tissue 

 in the host. In December of this same year and in 1916 

 Kornhauser worked out the biology of Aphelopus thelice 



