2. A second cut is made to remove the shelter trees, usually 5 to 10 

 years after the first cut. Seedlings by this time have become 

 established and have entered their rapid growth period. 



Corrective measures must accompany the harvest of trees if pine is to be 

 perpetuated in a stand. Before the first cut, hardwood saplings must be 

 removed. This has been done in the past most economically by spraying 2,4,5-T 

 (see discussion in "Spruce-Fir Forest Type" for alternative herbicides). If 

 this measure is not taken, hardwoods will be released, will grow very rapidly, 

 and will shade out young pine seedlings when the stand is opened. Before or 

 immediately after the second cut the area must be examined to determine 

 whether white pine has become adequately established. Hardwood seedlings 

 should be removed at this time if they have become established to an extent 

 that would interfere with the rapid growth of, or threaten the survival of, 

 pine. Light to moderate livestock grazing served these purposes inadvertently 

 in the past. White pine can be grown on every soil type in the Maine coastal 

 zone with the exception of heavy clay soils. Since competition from hardwoods 

 is an important factor in establishing pine, it must be considered in choosing 

 to manage pine. Hardwood offers the least competition on excessively-drained 

 and well-drained sandy soils and on droughty, loamy sands. 



No firm rules exist for selecting a forest site for hardwood or white pine 

 management. Over a rotation white pine will outgrow hardwood on the good and 

 poor sites but if growing pine on good hardwood sites is unprofitable 

 economically, growing it on poor or light soils may be a wiser choice. This 

 practice not only provides for sufficient representation of both hardwood and 

 white pine, but also facilitates the task of developing a greater proportion 

 of white pine (Lutz and Cline 1947). 



Yields of white pine stands vary with soil condition and other factors that 

 influence overall site quality. Site quality is determined from site-index 

 curves shown in figure 19-2, which shows the height of dominant trees plotted 

 over age for several site-index classes. 



Volumes (by stand age and site indexes) for pure white pine stands near the 

 upper limit (for practical management) of stocking are given in table 19-6 

 (Leak et al. 1970). Yields increase markedly with age and site index and will 

 be higher or lower depending on stand stocking. Yields of white pine will 

 drop as the proportion of hardwood increases. 



Growth rates in white pine stands may vary greatly with site condition and 

 stocking density. The average white pine stand will grow from 300 to 800 

 board feet (1" x 12" x 12")/acre/year . Study plots on exceptionally good 

 sites have shown yearly growth rates as high as 1200 board feet/acre for site 

 index 60, and as high as 1600 board feet/acre for site index 80. These growth 

 rates represent optimum conditions in small, well-stocked stands (Leak et al. 

 1970). 



Natural Enemies 



Quality white pine is always in commercial demand but finding high quality 

 material is difficult in the characterization area, as it is in most of the 

 white pine range. 



19-19 



10-80 



