452 



INDEX. 



346 ; general view of, 349-352 ; simi- 



' larity of vegetable forms, 351. See 

 Plants. 



Venezuela, littoral chain of, 22; its ex- 

 tent and elevation, 22; description of, 23. 



Vermes, parasitical, 251. 



Vesuvius, elevation of, and various mea- 

 surements of the margins of the crater, 

 363, 376, 377 ; great eruptions of, 364 



: -366, 368 et seq.; Rocca del Palo, the 

 highest northern margin of the crater 

 of, 376, 377 ; measurement of the 



. Punta Nasone, and of the Hermitage 

 of Salvatore, 377; height to which the 

 scoriee rise from the bottom of the 

 crater, 37S. 



Vilfa, species of, 232. 



Villa de Leon, elevation of, 20S. 



Vital force, dissertation on, 3S0-389 ; 

 illustrated by Epicharmus from the 

 painting of the <; Rhodian Genius,'* 

 383; symbols of its existence and ex- 

 tinction, 384; definition of, 3S6; illus- 

 trative note, 386-389. 



Viverree, a native of South America, 12, 

 134. 



Volcanos, still active in the Californian 

 chain of mountains, 37, 38; of Acon- 

 cagua, 205 ; of the interior of Asia and 

 of the New World, 65 ; general view of 

 their structure and mode of action in 

 different parts of the earth, 353-375 ; 

 previous to the eighteenth century, all 

 our knowledge derived from observa- 

 tions of Vesuvius and Etna, 355 ; sudden 

 volcanic fissures in various parts of the 

 earth, 356, 357 ; various heights of, 35S; 

 craters of elevation, the importance of, 

 359 ; various groups of, with fire-emit- 

 ting mouths, 359 ; the table-land of 

 Quito one immense volcanic hearth, 

 360; the subterranean fire progressive 

 from north to south, 360; earthquakes 

 evidence of subterranean volcanic com- 

 munication, 360, 361 ; elevation of 

 Vesuvius, and various measurements 

 of the margins of the crater, 373, 376, 

 377 ; great eruptions of, 364-366, 368 

 et seq.; in the chain of the Andes, 

 penetrate above the snow-line, 367 ; 

 caused the lofty summit of Mount 



Carguairazo to fall in, when the whole 

 surrounding country was covered with 

 mud and fishes, 367; volcanic origin 

 of pumice, 369 ; Pompeii buried by an 

 eruption of Vesuvius, 369; Pliny's 

 account of, 369, 370; the summits of 

 upheaved masses of trachyte and lava, 

 370; Peak of Teneriffe, 371 ; sudden 

 appearance and disappearance of, 371; 

 what generates the heat of, 372-374 ; 

 volcanic phenomena the result of a 

 connection between the interior and 

 exterior of our planet, 373; illustra- 

 tive notes of, 376-378. 



Waraputa, cascade of, 149. 



Wada-dhara, elevation and vegetation of, 

 79. 



Water, peculiar blackness of some of 

 the South American rivers, 160. 



West wind, phenomenon of its prevalence 

 on the African coast, 46. 



Western currents of the ocean favourable 

 to the mariner, 154, 174. 



Wha-satch mountains, 207. 



Wheat,first culture of, in New Spain, 130. 



Wheel-animalcules, wonderful revivifi- 

 cation of the, 211, 240, 241. 



White Sea, myth of the, 185. 



Willows, one of the vegetable forms by 

 which the aspect of Nature is princi- 

 pally determined, 229, 331, 342. 



Words, changes in the meaning of, 191. 



Worms, immense variety in the depth of 

 the waters, 212. 



Xagua, gulf of, springs of fresh water in 

 the, 174. 



Yanaguanga, paramo of, 407. 

 Yaruros, savage tribe of, 197. 

 Yew, its geographical distribution, 322; 



its great longevity, 273. 

 Yucatan, architectural remains in, 131, 



132. 



Zacatecas, elevation of, 208. 

 Zahaia, phenomenon of the west winds 

 on the African coast attributable to, 46. 

 Zambos, tribe of the, 197. 

 Zoophytes, the calcareous, 251. 



LONDON: PRINTED BY HAKR1SON AND SON, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. 



