landings. The Indian Ocean landings of striped marlin 

 amount to approximately 20% of the Pacific landings. 



Maximum equilibrium yield: Honma and Suzuki 

 (1969) made some preliminary determinations of the 

 maximum sustainable yield on the basis of 1960-66 

 data. They suggested that striped marlin catches in 

 the Pacific can probably be increased about 60% over 

 the recent average annual landings. 



However, judging by the fact that catches have 

 leveled off in recent years after fishing effort has vir- 

 tually covered all of the known areas of striped marlin 

 distribution, it appears that the present catches may 

 be close to the maximum equilibrium yield level. 



Obviously, further research is needed on this sub- 

 ject. 



6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 



6.1 Regulatory (Legislative) Measures 



6.11 Limitation on reduction of total catch 



The Japanese tuna longline fishery is regulated in 

 terms of fleet size by the vessel licensing system. 

 Licensing is reviewed at 5-yr intervals and fleet size is 

 governed on the basis of the condition of the tuna 

 resources. No increase in fleet size has been permitted 

 since 1963. However, other countries such as Korea 

 and Taiwan have increased the size of their longline 

 fleet. 



7 POND FISH CULTURE 

 Not applicable. 



LITERATURE CITED 



ANONYMOUS. 



1955. Fish contamination by radioactivity. In Research re- 

 port of the effects and influences of the radioactivity caused 

 by the H-bomb tests at Bikini in 1954, p. 101-121. 

 ARATA, G. F., JR. 



1954. A contribution to the life history of the swordfish, Xi- 

 phias gladius Linnaeus, from the South Atlantic coast of the 

 United States and the Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf 

 Caribb. 4:183-243. 

 BAKER, A. N. 



1966. Food of marlins from New Zealand waters. Copeia 

 1966:818-822. 

 BARRETT, I., and A. A. WILLIAMS. 



1965. Hemoglobin content of the blood of fifteen species of 

 marine fishes. Calif. Fish Game 51:216-218. 

 CRAIG, W. L. 



1972. Game fish bulletin. Calif. Res. Agency, Dep. Fish 

 Game, Long Beach, Calif., 3 p. [Processed.] 

 DELFIN, F. T. 



1901. Catalogo de los pesces de Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 

 3 and 4:1-133. 



DERANIYAGALA, P. E. P. 



1951. The Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae of Ceylon. Spolia 

 Zeylan. Bull. Natl. Mus. Ceylon 26:137-142. 



1952. A colored atlas of some vertebrates from Ceylon. Vol. 



1. Fishes. Ceylon Natl. Mus. Publ., 149 p. 

 DE SYLVA, D. P. 



1962. Red-water blooms off northern Chile, April-May 1956, 

 with reference to the ecology of the swordfish and the striped 

 marlin. Pac. Sci. 16:271-279. 

 ELDRDOGE, M. B., and P. G. WARES. 



1974. Some biological observations of billfishes taken in the 

 eastern Pacific Ocean, 1967-1970. In R. S. Shomura and F. 

 Williams (editors), Proceedings of the International Billfish 

 Symposium, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972, Part 



2. Review and Contributed Papers, p. 89-101. U.S. Dep. 

 Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-675. 



EVANS, D. H., and P. G. WARES. 



1972. Food habits of striped marlin and sailfish off Mexico 

 and southern California. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Res. Rep. 

 76, 10 p. 

 FIERSTINE, H. L., and V. WALTERS. 



1968. Studies in locomotion and anatomy of scombroid fishes. 

 Mem. South Calif. Acad. Sci. 6, 31 p. 

 FISHERIES AGENCY OF JAPAN, RESEARCH DIVISION. 



1965. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1962. 183 p. 



1966. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1963. 322 p. 



1967a. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1964. 379 p. 



1967b. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1965. 375 p. 



1968. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1966. 299 p. 



1969. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1967. 293 p. 



1970. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1968. 283 p. 



1971. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1969. 299 p. 



1972. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on 

 Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1970. 326 p. 



FAO (FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF 

 THE UNITED NATIONS). 



1971. Yearbook of fishery statistics. Catches and landings, 

 1970. FAO, Vol. 30, 476 p. 

 FURUKAWA, I., N. ANRAKU, Y. KUROHIJI, T. KOTO, and K. 

 KODAMA. 



1957. Study on the tuna long line fishery in the East China 

 Sea - I. [In Jap., Engl, synop.] Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. 

 Lab. 6:46-76. 



FURUKAWA, I., T. KOTO, and K. KODAMA. 



1958. Study on the tuna long line fishery in the East China 

 Sea - II. Ecology of the striped marlin. [In Jap., Engl, 

 synop.] Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 8:49-60. 



GEHRINGER, J. W. 



1956. Observations on the development of the Atlantic sail- 

 fish Istiophorus americanus (Cuvier) with notes on an un- 

 identified species of istiophorid. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 

 Bull. 57:139-171. 

 GOSLINE, W. A., and V. E. BROCK. 



1960. Handbook of Hawaiian fishes. Univ. Hawaii Press, 

 Honolulu, 372 p. 

 GREGORY, W. K., and G. M. CONRAD. 



1939. Body-forms of the black marlin (Makaira nigricans 

 marlina) and striped marlin {Makaira mitsukurii) of New 



156 



