92 THE EELATIONS OF MAN 



panzee which have been prepared without removal of the 

 ligaments. In yoimg Orangs similarly preserved, on the 

 other hand, the spinal cokimn is either straight, or even 

 concave forwards, throughout the lumbar region. 



Whether we take these characters then, or suijh minor 

 ones as those which are derivable from the proportional 

 length of the spines in the cervical vertebrae, and the like, 

 there is no doubt whatsoever as to the marked difference 

 between Man and the Gorilla ; but there is as little, that 

 equally marked differences, of the very same order, obtain 

 between the Gorilla and the lower apes. 



The Pelvis, or bony girdle of the hips, of Man is a 

 strikingly human part of his organization ; the expanded 

 haunch bones affording support for his viscera during his 

 habitually erect posture, and giving space for the attach- 

 ment of the great muscles which enable. him to assume 

 and to preserve that attitude. In these respects the pelvis 

 of the Gorilla differs very considerably from his (Fig. 16). 

 But go no lower than the Gibbon, and see how vastly 

 more he differs from the Gorilla than the latter does from 

 Man, even in this structure. Look at the flat^ narrow 

 haunch bones — the long and narrow passage — the coarse, 

 outwardly curved, ischiatic prominences on which the 

 Gibbon habitually rests, and which are coated by the so- 

 called " callosities," dense patches of skin, wholly absent 

 in the Gorilla, in the Chimpanzee, and in the Orang, as 

 in Man ! 



In the lower Monkeys and in the Lemurs the differ- 

 ence becomes more striking still, the pelvis acquiring an 

 altogether quadrupedal character. 



But now let us turn to a nobler and more characteris- 

 tic organ — that by which the human frame seems to be, 

 and indeed is, so strongly distinguished from all others, — 

 I mean the skull. The differences between a Gorilla's 



