CONTENTS xi 



CHAl'. lAGE 



Energy. 48. Ostwaki's " Physical Heart," 49. Capil- 

 lary Electrometer. 50. Capillary Active Substances, 

 51. Adam's Experiments, 52. Adsorption, 53-55. 



SECTION II : CELLULAR MECHANICS 



VII. lONISATION 56 



Definitions, 56. Charge on Ions, 56. Speed of Ions, 

 57. Hydration of Ions, 57. Effect of Temperature on 

 Dissociation, 58. Dielectric Constant, 59. Electron 

 Theory, 59-60. Properties of Water, 61. lonisation 

 Constant, 62. Hydrogen Ion Concentration, 63. 

 jM, 64. Acids and^Alkalis, 65. Salts, 68. 



VIII. DISPERSE SYSTEMS.— I. COLLOIDS .... 71 



Effective Surface, 71. Specific Surface, 72. Crystal- 

 loids and Colloids, 72-73. Nomenclature of Disperse 

 Systems, 74. Preparation of Colloids, 75. 



1. Properties Depending on Size of Particles Dis^jersed. 

 (i.) Optical. 76. Faraday-Tyndall Phenomenon, 79. 

 Ultramicroscope, 80. (ii.) Kinetic, 81. Brownian 

 Movement, 81-83. Ultrafiltration, 84. Osmotic 

 Pressure, 84. Diffusion, 85. Electrical Diffusion, 

 86. Liesegang Phenomenon, 86-87. Dialysis, 87. 

 Vividiffusion. 88. Viscosity, 88-90. 



2. Properties Depending on Charge on Particles Dis- 

 persed, 90. Isoelectric Point, 91-92. Coagulation, 92. 

 Salting out, 93. Protective Action of Emulsoids, 93. 

 Precipitation by Neutralisation, 95. Action of Radiant 

 Energy, 96. 



3. Properties Depending on Size, Charge and Structure, 

 96. Imbibition, 97. " Bound " Water, 98. Pressure 

 and Heat of Imbibition, 99. Syneresis, 100. Colloids 

 as Reservoirs of Energy. 101. 



IX. DISPERSE SYSTEMS.— II. SOAPS AND EMULSIONS . 103 



Types of Emulsions. 103. Theories of Formation of, 

 105. Breaking of, 106. Soaps, 106. Effect of Cation 

 on Hydrophilic Properties of, 107. Emulsifying Pro- 

 perties of, 108. Liquid Crvstals, 108. Myelin Forms of 

 Lipoids, 109. Foodstuffs as Emulsions, 111. Effect of 

 Cooking, 113. 



X. ENZYMES. THE TOOLS OF THE CELL . . . 115 



Catalysts, 116. Types of Catalysts, 117. Charac- 

 teristics of Catalysts, 117-118. Properties of Enzymes, 

 118-120. Nomenclature, 120. Endo-enzymes and 

 Ecto-enzymes. 121. Zymogen Secretion, 121. Anti- 

 enzymes, 122. Enzymes as Catalysts, 122-123. 

 Specificity of Action. 123. Syntheses by Enzymes, 124. 

 Balanced Reactions, 124. Influence of /jH on Activity, 

 126. Optical Activity. 126-131. Snell's Law, 128. 

 Polarimeter, 129. Optical Isomerism. 130. 



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