498 THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ORGANISM 



in order to find the increased cost in energy caused by the per- 

 formance of this work there may be subtracted : 



(1) The energy expenditure during complete rest — the ordinary 

 basal or standard metabolism. 



(2) The energy output when the subject is sitting at rest in 

 the saddle. 



(3) The energy expended when the subject is sitting on the 

 saddle, feet on pedals and his legs are rotated by mechanical 

 means^ — internal or organic work. 



(4) The energy expenditure when the subject is freewheeling, 

 i.e. overcoming the ordinary resistance of the unloaded wheel 

 with most or all of the concomitants of work of this type, sitting 

 posture, internal friction of the legs, extraneous movements asso- 

 ciated with cycle riding, etc. 



(5) The energy expenditure involved in {a) the performance of 

 light work compared with that of hard work, or {b) the increased 

 cost of work done at slow and high speeds using the same load in 

 each case. 



When these various base lines are utilised experimentally it is 

 found that there is a steady increase in the degree of efficiency. 

 The average results are as follows : 



TABLE LXXXIX 



There is then a variation in the determined efficiency of approxi- 

 mately 10 per cent., and it is a moot question which base line 

 should be selected. Lindhard maintains that the most reliable 

 result is obtained when complete rest or rest in the riding position 

 is adopted as base line, but there is much to be said in favour of 

 the adoption of other base lines in which movements which play 

 little or no part in the determination of the efficiency are elimi- 

 nated. As the main object is to determine the efficiency of the 

 body performing a definite act it has been suggested that the best 

 result will be obtained when the various activities associated with 

 the determination of the energy output both of the base line and 

 of work are more or less comparable, that is, where the extraneous 



