THE COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF MAN. 263 



to show that mixture of human races extremely unlike produces a 

 worthless type of mind a mind fitted neither for the kind of life led 

 by the higher of the two races, nor for that led by the lower a mind 

 out of adjustment to all conditions of life. Contrariwise, we find that 

 peoples of the same stock, slightly diflerentiated by lives carried ou 

 in unlike circumstances for many generations, produce by mixture a 

 mental type having certain superiorities. In his work on " The Hu- 

 guenots," Mr. Smiles points out how. large a number of distinguished 

 men among us have descended from Flemish and French refugees ; 

 and M. Alphonse de CandoUe, in his " Histoire des Sciences et des 

 Savants depuis deux Siecles," shows that the descendants of French 

 refugees in Switzerland have produced an unusually great proportion 

 of scientific men. Though, in part, this result may be ascribed to 

 the original natures of such refugees, who must have had that inde- 

 pendence which is a chief factor in originality, yet it is probably in 

 part due to mixture of races. For thinking this, we have evidence 

 which is not open to two interpretations. Prof. Morley draws atten- 

 tion to the fact that, during seven hundred years of our early history, 

 " the best genius of England sprang up on the line of country in 

 which Celts and Anglo-Saxons came together." In like manner, Mr. 

 Galton, in his " English Men of Science," shows that in recent days 

 these have mostly come from an inland region, running generally from 

 north to south, which we may reasonably presume contains more 

 mixed blood than do the regions east and west of it. Such a result 

 seems probable a priori. Two natures respectively adapted to slight- 

 ly unlike sets of social conditions may be expected by their union to 

 produce a nature somewhat more plastic than either a nature more 

 impressible by the new circumstances of advancing social life, and 

 therefore more likely to ox-iginate new ideas and display modified sen- 

 timents. The comparative psychology of man may, then, fitly include 

 the mental efiects of mixture ; and among derivative inquiries we may 

 ask. How far the conquest of race by race has been instrumental in 

 advancing civilization by aiding mixture, as well as in other ways ? 



II. The second of the three leading divisions named at the out- 

 set is less extensive. Still, concerning the relative mental natures of 

 the sexes in each race, questions of much interest and importance 

 may be raised : 



1. Degree of Difference hetween the Sexes. It is an established 

 fact that, physically considered, the contrast between males and fe- 

 males is not equally great in all types of mankind. The bearded 

 races, for instance, show us a gi'eater unlikeness between the two than 

 do the beardless races. Among South American tribes, men and 

 women have a gi'eater general resemblance in form, etc., than is usual 

 elsewhere. The question, then, suggests itself, Do the mental natures 

 of the sexes difier in a constant or in a variable degree ? The differ- 



