THE COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF MAN. 267 



impressions dcn-ivcd from visible objects ; color is a higher abstraction, 

 referring to many sucii classes of visual impressions ; property is a 

 still higher abstraction, referring to classes of impressions received not 

 through the eyes alone, but through other sense-organs. If generali- 

 ties and abstractions were arranged in the order of their extensive- 

 uess and in their grades, tests would be obtained which, applied to 

 the vocabularies of the uncivilized, would yield definite evidence of 

 the intellectual stages reached. 



4. Peculiar Aptitudes. To such specialties of intelligence as mark 

 different degrees of evolution have to be added the minor ones related 

 to modes of life : the kinds and degrees of faculty which have become 

 organized in adaptation to daily habits skill in the use of weapons, 

 powers of tracking, quick discrimination of individual objects. And 

 under this head may fitly come inquiries concerning some race-pecu- 

 liarities of the jESthetic class, not at present explicable. While the re- 

 mains from the Dordogne caves show us that their inhabitants, low as 

 we must sujDpose them to have been, could represent animals, both by 

 drawing and carving, with some degree of fidelity, there are existing 

 races, probably higher in other respects, who seem scarcely capable 

 of recognizing pictorial representations. Similarly with the musical 

 faculty. Almost or quite wanting in some inferior races, we find it in 

 other races, not of high grade, developed to an unexpected degree . 

 instance the negroes, some of whom are so innately musical that, as 

 I have been told by a missionary among them, the children in native 

 schools, when taught European psalm-tunes, spontaneously sing sec- 

 onds to them. Whether any causes can be discovered for race-pecu- 

 liarities of this kind is a question of interest. 



5. Specialties of Emotional Nature. These are worthy of careful 

 study, as being intimately related to social phenomena to the possi- 

 bility of social progress, and to the nature of the social structure. Of 

 those to be chiefly noted there are (.) Gregariousness or sociality 

 a trait in the strength of which races differ widely : some, as the Man- 

 tras, being almost indifferent to social intercourse ; others being un- 

 able to dispense with it. Obviously the degree of the desire for the 

 presence of fellow-men affects greatly the formation of social groups, 

 and consequently underlies social progress. (5.) Intolerance of re- 

 straint. Men of some inferior types, as the Mapuche, are ungovern- 

 able ; while those of other types, no higher in grade, not only submit 

 to restraint, but admire the pei'sons exercising it. These contrasted 

 traits have to be observed in connection with social evolution ; to the 

 early stages of which they are respectively antagonistic and favorable, 

 (c.) The desire for praise is a trait which, common to all races, high 

 and low, varies considerably in degree. There are quite inferior races, 

 as some of those in the Pacific States, whose members sacrifice with- 

 out stint to gain the applause which lavish generosity brings ; while, 

 elsewhere, applause is sought with less eagerness. Notice should be 



